"Wireless power transfer," wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission (WET), or electromagnetic power transfer refers to the transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link. In a wireless power transmission system or apparatus, a transmitter device, driven by electric power from a power source, generates a time-varying electromagnetic field, which transmits power across space to a receiver device, which extracts power from the field and supplies it to an electrical load. Wireless power transfer can be useful to power electrical devices where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or not possible. Wireless power techniques may fall into two categories, near field and far-field. In near field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred over short distances by magnetic fields using inductive coupling between coils of wire, or by electric fields using capacitive coupling between metal electrodes. In far-field or radiative techniques, also called power beaming, power is transferred by beams of electromagnetic radiation, like radio waves, microwaves or laser beams. These techniques can transport energy longer distances when in proximity to the receiver. Near field or far-field wirelessly power transfer can be used for wireless charging and/or continuous wireless power transfer and can be used for implantable medical devices like artificial cardiac pacemakers, or neurostimulators. (Search "wireless power transfer" on Wikipedia.com Aug 14, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022.) One radiative power transfer technology can use radio waves to transfer power and can be referred to radio frequency (RF) power transfer techniques. Examples of radio frequencies that can be used for RF power transfer include bluetooth, WiFi, and the like. One example of RF power transfer devices used for wireless power transfer are transmitter devices and receiver devices from PowerCast of Pittsburgh, PA, USA. … more "Wireless power transfer," wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission (WET), or electromagnetic power transfer refers to the transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link. In a wireless power transmission system or apparatus, a transmitter device, driven by electric power from a power source, generates a time-varying electromagnetic field, which transmits power across space to a receiver device, which extracts power from the field and supplies it to an electrical load. Wireless power transfer can be useful to power electrical devices where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or not possible. Wireless power techniques may fall into two categories, near field and far-field. In near field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred over short distances by magnetic fields using inductive coupling between coils of wire, or by electric fields using capacitive coupling between metal electrodes. In far-field or radiative techniques, also called power beaming, power is transferred by beams of electromagnetic radiation, like radio waves, microwaves or laser beams. These techniques can transport energy longer distances when in proximity to the receiver. Near field or far-field wirelessly power transfer can be used for wireless charging and/or continuous wireless power transfer and can be used for implantable medical devices like artificial cardiac pacemakers, or neurostimulators. (Search "wireless power transfer" on Wikipedia.com Aug 14, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022.) One radiative power transfer technology can use radio waves to transfer power and can be referred to radio frequency (RF) power transfer techniques. Examples of radio frequencies that can be used for RF power transfer include bluetooth, WiFi, and the like. One example of RF power transfer devices used for wireless power transfer are transmitter devices and receiver devices from PowerCast of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

"Power supply" refers to an electronic system, component, circuit, assembly, apparatus, or device configured to provide electrical power in the form of current to one or more devices, components, assemblies, and/or electronic circuits. Examples of a power supply include a battery, a wall power outlet socket, a power generator, a wind turbine, a hydro-electric generator, a bank of solar cells, and the like. … more "Power supply" refers to an electronic system, component, circuit, assembly, apparatus, or device configured to provide electrical power in the form of current to one or more devices, components, assemblies, and/or electronic circuits. Examples of a power supply include a battery, a wall power outlet socket, a power generator, a wind turbine, a hydro-electric generator, a bank of solar cells, and the like.

"I2C" or "Inter-integrated circuit) is a serial communication interface. An I2C circuit is a synchronous, multi-controller/multi-target (controller/target), packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus. (Search “I2C” on Wikipedia.com July 22, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022.) … more "I2C" or "Inter-integrated circuit) is a serial communication interface. An I2C circuit is a synchronous, multi-controller/multi-target (controller/target), packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus. (Search “I2C” on Wikipedia.com July 22, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022.)

"Macrocell" refers to a prefabricated array of higher-level logic functions such as flip-flops, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) functions, registers, and the like. (Search “macrocell array” on Wikipedia.com Nov 13, 2022. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022.) Within a programmable logic device a macrocell can be programmatically coupled to other logic blocks in the device to implement a custom electronic circuit. … more "Macrocell" refers to a prefabricated array of higher-level logic functions such as flip-flops, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) functions, registers, and the like. (Search “macrocell array” on Wikipedia.com Nov 13, 2022. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022.) Within a programmable logic device a macrocell can be programmatically coupled to other logic blocks in the device to implement a custom electronic circuit.

"Customizable integrated circuit" refers to an integrated circuit organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered and manufactured to permit, enable, or facilitate changes to a configuration, design, arrangement, routing, parameters, or the like of components of the integrated circuit. A customizable integrated circuit is a programmable logic device. The customizable integrated circuit can include non-volatile memory, one or more functional blocks, one or more sub-circuits, look up tables, macrocells, analog components, digital components, digital logic components, low voltage pins, high voltage pins, and the like. Examples of a customizable integrated circuit include, but are not limited to, programmable logic devices (PLD), programmable array logic (PAL), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), programmable mixed-signal integrated circuits, and the like. In certain embodiments, a customizable integrated circuit used in the embodiment can include a programmable mixed-signal matrix with high voltage features, such as, for example a GreenPak programmable mixed-signal matrix with high voltage features available from Renesas Electronics Corporation of Tokyo Japan. The customizable integrated circuit may include a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) that includes mixed analog and digital signals. The customizable integrated circuit may also include digital components, analog components, and analog comparators in which the routing between blocks is defined in non-volatile memory. The customizable integrated circuit may also include a programmable mixed signal matrix of logic blocks that includes high voltage outputs. … more "Customizable integrated circuit" refers to an integrated circuit organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered and manufactured to permit, enable, or facilitate changes to a configuration, design, arrangement, routing, parameters, or the like of components of the integrated circuit. A customizable integrated circuit is a programmable logic device. The customizable integrated circuit can include non-volatile memory, one or more functional blocks, one or more sub-circuits, look up tables, macrocells, analog components, digital components, digital logic components, low voltage pins, high voltage pins, and the like. Examples of a customizable integrated circuit include, but are not limited to, programmable logic devices (PLD), programmable array logic (PAL), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), programmable mixed-signal integrated circuits, and the like. In certain embodiments, a customizable integrated circuit used in the embodiment can include a programmable mixed-signal matrix with high voltage features, such as, for example a GreenPak programmable mixed-signal matrix with high voltage features available from Renesas Electronics Corporation of Tokyo Japan. The customizable integrated circuit may include a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) that includes mixed analog and digital signals. The customizable integrated circuit may also include digital components, analog components, and analog comparators in which the routing between blocks is defined in non-volatile memory. The customizable integrated circuit may also include a programmable mixed signal matrix of logic blocks that includes high voltage outputs.

“Component”, as used herein, is a tangible, physical, non-transitory device, apparatus, or structure. For example, a component may be implemented as a hardware logic circuit comprising custom VLSI circuits, gate arrays, or other integrated circuits; off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete devices; and/or other mechanical or electrical devices. A component may also be implemented in programmable or configurable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices, complex programmable logic device or the like. A component may comprise one or more silicon integrated circuit devices (e.g., chips, die, die planes, packages) or other discrete electrical devices, in electrical communication with one or more other components through electrical lines of a printed circuit board (PCB) or the like. Each of the modules described herein, in certain embodiments, may alternatively be embodied by or implemented as a component. … more “Component”, as used herein, is a tangible, physical, non-transitory device, apparatus, or structure. For example, a component may be implemented as a hardware logic circuit comprising custom VLSI circuits, gate arrays, or other integrated circuits; off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete devices; and/or other mechanical or electrical devices. A component may also be implemented in programmable or configurable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices, complex programmable logic device or the like. A component may comprise one or more silicon integrated circuit devices (e.g., chips, die, die planes, packages) or other discrete electrical devices, in electrical communication with one or more other components through electrical lines of a printed circuit board (PCB) or the like. Each of the modules described herein, in certain embodiments, may alternatively be embodied by or implemented as a component.

"Totem-pole output" refers to a stage of an electronic circuit that implements a type of push-pull amplifier in transistor-transistor logic (TTL). A totem-pole output can be used an amplifier. Often, a totem-pole output is implemented using a pair of complimentary transistors, one dissipating or sinking current or charge from a load to ground or a negative power supply, and the other supplying or sourcing current or charge to the load from a positive power supply depending on the input signals provided. In one example, two matched transistors of the same polarity can be arranged to supply opposite halves of each cycle without the need for an output transformer. The driver circuit may be asymmetric and one transistor may be used in a common-emitter configuration while the other may be used as an emitter follower. (Search “totem-pole output” on Wikipedia.com July 8, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.) … more "Totem-pole output" refers to a stage of an electronic circuit that implements a type of push-pull amplifier in transistor-transistor logic (TTL). A totem-pole output can be used an amplifier. Often, a totem-pole output is implemented using a pair of complimentary transistors, one dissipating or sinking current or charge from a load to ground or a negative power supply, and the other supplying or sourcing current or charge to the load from a positive power supply depending on the input signals provided. In one example, two matched transistors of the same polarity can be arranged to supply opposite halves of each cycle without the need for an output transformer. The driver circuit may be asymmetric and one transistor may be used in a common-emitter configuration while the other may be used as an emitter follower. (Search “totem-pole output” on Wikipedia.com July 8, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.)

"Timing signal" refers to a signal designed, engineered, and/or provided to satisfy a timing requirement in a device, circuit, apparatus, system, and/or assembly. A timing signal may be used to initial, terminate, and/or pause one or more sequences, processes, or the like. In certain embodiments, a timing signal may be managed, monitored, and/or generated by a counter. … more "Timing signal" refers to a signal designed, engineered, and/or provided to satisfy a timing requirement in a device, circuit, apparatus, system, and/or assembly. A timing signal may be used to initial, terminate, and/or pause one or more sequences, processes, or the like. In certain embodiments, a timing signal may be managed, monitored, and/or generated by a counter.

"Pin" refers to a conductive structure for connecting electrical components of a semiconductor component and/or chip to a bonding pad. A pin may have a variety of shapes and configurations including flat, planar, cylindrical, semi-spherical, and/or spherical. A pin may comprise a thin cylindrical structure often made of metal. In other embodiments, a pin may be implemented as a spherical or semi-spherical structure also referred to as a ball. … more "Pin" refers to a conductive structure for connecting electrical components of a semiconductor component and/or chip to a bonding pad. A pin may have a variety of shapes and configurations including flat, planar, cylindrical, semi-spherical, and/or spherical. A pin may comprise a thin cylindrical structure often made of metal. In other embodiments, a pin may be implemented as a spherical or semi-spherical structure also referred to as a ball.

"Low voltage" (LV) refers to an electronic voltage within a range that depends on the context for the relevant electronic circuit. For passive or active electrical components of many electronic circuits, such as those in consumer electronics, computers, and/or semiconductors, low voltage refers to an electronic voltage of between about 0 volts or near zero volts and about 3 volts. Of course, in another context, such as with high voltage power lines or electrical power generation, the range for low voltage may be defined to be much smaller than the example range provided here. … more "Low voltage" (LV) refers to an electronic voltage within a range that depends on the context for the relevant electronic circuit. For passive or active electrical components of many electronic circuits, such as those in consumer electronics, computers, and/or semiconductors, low voltage refers to an electronic voltage of between about 0 volts or near zero volts and about 3 volts. Of course, in another context, such as with high voltage power lines or electrical power generation, the range for low voltage may be defined to be much smaller than the example range provided here.

"High voltage" (HV) refers to an electronic voltage within a range that depends on the context for the relevant electronic circuit. For passive or active electrical components of many electronic circuits, such as those in consumer electronics, computers, and/or semiconductors, high voltage refers to an electronic voltage within a range of between about 7 volts and about 15 volts. Of course, in another context, such as with high voltage power lines or electrical power generation, the range for high voltage may be defined to be much larger than the example range provided here. … more "High voltage" (HV) refers to an electronic voltage within a range that depends on the context for the relevant electronic circuit. For passive or active electrical components of many electronic circuits, such as those in consumer electronics, computers, and/or semiconductors, high voltage refers to an electronic voltage within a range of between about 7 volts and about 15 volts. Of course, in another context, such as with high voltage power lines or electrical power generation, the range for high voltage may be defined to be much larger than the example range provided here.

"Pulse" refers to an analog signal that rises quickly and then falls within a relatively short duration. In certain embodiments, a pulse may comprise a short voltage level increase that rises quickly to a peak level and then quickly falls. In other embodiments, a pulse may rise quickly from an initial voltage level to a peak level and remain at the peak level for a certain amount of time before lower back towards the initial voltage level. … more "Pulse" refers to an analog signal that rises quickly and then falls within a relatively short duration. In certain embodiments, a pulse may comprise a short voltage level increase that rises quickly to a peak level and then quickly falls. In other embodiments, a pulse may rise quickly from an initial voltage level to a peak level and remain at the peak level for a certain amount of time before lower back towards the initial voltage level.

"Electrode" refers to an electrical conductor that conveys electric current to a nonmetallic part (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air). (Search “electrode” on Wikipedia.com Aug. 17, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.) The nonmetallic part may or may not be part of a circuit. When used in reference to semiconductors an electrode can refer to an element in a semiconductor device (such as a transistor) that emits or collects electrons or holes or controls their movements. (search "electrode" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2022. Web. Accessed. 23 Aug. 2022. Modified.) … more "Electrode" refers to an electrical conductor that conveys electric current to a nonmetallic part (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air). (Search “electrode” on Wikipedia.com Aug. 17, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.) The nonmetallic part may or may not be part of a circuit. When used in reference to semiconductors an electrode can refer to an element in a semiconductor device (such as a transistor) that emits or collects electrons or holes or controls their movements. (search "electrode" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2022. Web. Accessed. 23 Aug. 2022. Modified.)

"Neurostimulator" refers to a structure, device, apparatus, member, component, system, assembly, module, or subsystem that is organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to deliver an electronic pulse to a specific part of a body of a patient. A neurostimulator may include one or more electrodes positioned within a patient in, on, or in proximity to target positions and/or anatomical structures of a patient. In certain embodiments, a neurostimulator delivers an electronic pulse into, on, near, around, or in proximity to one or more nerves of a patient. The electrode(s) of a neurostimulator may be positioned within a patient or external to a patient. In certain embodiments, a neurostimulator is a device external to a patient. In other embodiments, a neurostimulator is an implant that can be partially or wholly within a patient. … more "Neurostimulator" refers to a structure, device, apparatus, member, component, system, assembly, module, or subsystem that is organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to deliver an electronic pulse to a specific part of a body of a patient. A neurostimulator may include one or more electrodes positioned within a patient in, on, or in proximity to target positions and/or anatomical structures of a patient. In certain embodiments, a neurostimulator delivers an electronic pulse into, on, near, around, or in proximity to one or more nerves of a patient. The electrode(s) of a neurostimulator may be positioned within a patient or external to a patient. In certain embodiments, a neurostimulator is a device external to a patient. In other embodiments, a neurostimulator is an implant that can be partially or wholly within a patient.

"Node" refers to any region on an electronic circuit between two circuit elements. In circuit diagrams, connections are considered to be ideal wires with zero resistance, so a node consists of the entire section of wire or trace between elements, not just a single point. (Search “node (circuits)” on Wikipedia.com Dec. 2, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.) … more "Node" refers to any region on an electronic circuit between two circuit elements. In circuit diagrams, connections are considered to be ideal wires with zero resistance, so a node consists of the entire section of wire or trace between elements, not just a single point. (Search “node (circuits)” on Wikipedia.com Dec. 2, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.)

"Mixed-signal" refers to an electronic circuit that includes both analog signals and digital signals. Typically, a mixed-signal electronic circuit also includes analog electronic components and digital electronic components. … more "Mixed-signal" refers to an electronic circuit that includes both analog signals and digital signals. Typically, a mixed-signal electronic circuit also includes analog electronic components and digital electronic components.

"Integrated circuit" (IC) refers to a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Large numbers of tiny MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) can be integrated into a small chip. This integration can result in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete electronic components. (Search “integrated circuit” on Wikipedia.com Aug. 12, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.) … more "Integrated circuit" (IC) refers to a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Large numbers of tiny MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) can be integrated into a small chip. This integration can result in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete electronic components. (Search “integrated circuit” on Wikipedia.com Aug. 12, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.)

"Electronic Circuit", "Circuitry" or "Circuit" refers to any circuit, sub-circuit, electronic component, hardware, module, logic, device, or apparatus configured, programmed, designed, arranged, or engineered to perform one or more features, functions, steps, methods, processes of portions thereof. In certain embodiments, an electronic circuit or circuitry may include electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, circuitry forming a state machine, circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes or devices described herein), circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment), or the like. An electronic circuit or circuitry may include one or more modifiers that identify one or more particular functions, features, aspects, attributes, advantages, roles, purposes, modes of operation, or operations and/or particular structures relating to the an electronic circuit, circuit, or circuitry. Examples of such modifiers applied to a circuit or circuitry, include, but are not limited to, "control circuit," "test circuit," "calibration circuit," "sensing circuit," "output circuit," "input circuit," "I/O circuit," "measurement circuit," "display circuit," and the like. … more "Electronic Circuit", "Circuitry" or "Circuit" refers to any circuit, sub-circuit, electronic component, hardware, module, logic, device, or apparatus configured, programmed, designed, arranged, or engineered to perform one or more features, functions, steps, methods, processes of portions thereof. In certain embodiments, an electronic circuit or circuitry may include electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, circuitry forming a state machine, circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes or devices described herein), circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment), or the like. An electronic circuit or circuitry may include one or more modifiers that identify one or more particular functions, features, aspects, attributes, advantages, roles, purposes, modes of operation, or operations and/or particular structures relating to the an electronic circuit, circuit, or circuitry. Examples of such modifiers applied to a circuit or circuitry, include, but are not limited to, "control circuit," "test circuit," "calibration circuit," "sensing circuit," "output circuit," "input circuit," "I/O circuit," "measurement circuit," "display circuit," and the like.

"Power source" refers to a source of electric current and/or voltage. In certain embodiments a power source may comprise an alternating current (AC) power source. In other embodiments a power source may comprise direct current (DC) power source. In other embodiments, a power source may comprise a system or device configured to supply electric current and/or voltage using one of an AC power source, a DC power source, or a combination of both. … more "Power source" refers to a source of electric current and/or voltage. In certain embodiments a power source may comprise an alternating current (AC) power source. In other embodiments a power source may comprise direct current (DC) power source. In other embodiments, a power source may comprise a system or device configured to supply electric current and/or voltage using one of an AC power source, a DC power source, or a combination of both.

“Input/Output (IO) pad” or "IO pin" refers to a terminal or other structure of an electronic circuit within a semiconductor or integrated circuit (IC) or packaging for a semiconductor or IC configured to enable the electronic circuit to be coupled, or connected, to another electronic circuit external to the semiconductor or IC or packaging. An IO pad may have a variety of physical forms including a conductor in a ball shape, a planar landing pad for a corresponding ball conductor, or the like. In certain embodiments, an IO pad may make an electrical connection using physical contact between the IO pad and another electrical terminal or lead. An IO pad may be configured to receive electronic communication signals, send electronic communication signals, or both send and receive electronic communication signals. … more “Input/Output (IO) pad” or "IO pin" refers to a terminal or other structure of an electronic circuit within a semiconductor or integrated circuit (IC) or packaging for a semiconductor or IC configured to enable the electronic circuit to be coupled, or connected, to another electronic circuit external to the semiconductor or IC or packaging. An IO pad may have a variety of physical forms including a conductor in a ball shape, a planar landing pad for a corresponding ball conductor, or the like. In certain embodiments, an IO pad may make an electrical connection using physical contact between the IO pad and another electrical terminal or lead. An IO pad may be configured to receive electronic communication signals, send electronic communication signals, or both send and receive electronic communication signals.