Dave's PCF WIP: Paragraphs

Paragraphs

Actions	Matter	Content	Para #	Notes	Modified
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, "attribute" refers to any property, trait, aspect, quality, data value, setting, or feature of an object or thing.	36	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, "implant" refers to a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure. Medical implants are man-made devices. The surface of implants that contact the body may be made of, or include a biomedical material such as titanium, stainless steel, carbon fiber, another metallic alloy, silicone, polymer, Synthetic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels, biocompatible polymers such as PolyEther Ether Ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others, or apatite, or any combination of these depending on what is the most functional. In some cases implants contain electronics, e.g. artificial pacemaker and cochlear implants. Some implants are bioactive, such as subcutaneous drug delivery devices in the form of implantable pills or drug-eluting stents. Orthopedic implants may be used to alleviate issues with bones and/or joints of a patient's body. Orthopedic implants are used to treat bone fractures, osteoarthritis, scoliosis, spinal stenosis, and chronic pain. Examples of orthopedic implants include, but are not limited to, a wide variety of pins, rods, screws, anchors, and plates used to anchor fractured bones while the bones heal or fuse together. (Search "implant (medicine)" on Wikipedia.com May 26, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 30, 2021.)	35	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	"Cortical bone" refers to a type of bone tissue. Cortical bone is a type of bone tissue typically found between an external surface of a bone and an interior area of the bone. Cortical bone is more dense and typically stronger structurally than other types of bone tissue.	34	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, "preoperative" or "PRE-OP" refers to any activity, method, feature, or aspect performed before a surgical procedure. As used herein, "intraoperative" or "INTRA-OP" refers to any activity, method, feature, or aspect performed during a surgical procedure. As used herein, a "fixation" or “fixation device” refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, step, process, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to connect two structures either permanently or temporarily. The two structures may be one or the other or both of manmade and/or biological tissues, hard tissues such as bones, teeth or the like, soft tissues such as ligament, cartilage, tendon, or the like. In certain embodiments, fixation is used as an adjective to describe a device or component or step in securing two structures such that the structures remain connected to each other in a desired position and/or orientation. Fixation devices can also serve to maintain a desired level of tension, compression, or redistribute load and stresses experienced by the two structures and can serve to reduce relative motion of one part relative to others. Examples of fixation devices are many and include both those for external fixation as well as those for internal fixation and include, but are not limited to pins, wires, Kirschner wires (K-wires), screws, anchors, bone anchors, plates, bone plates, intramedullary nails or rods or pins, implants, interbody cages, fusion cages, and the like.	32	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object. In its primary application of medical imaging, a fluoroscope allows a physician to see the internal structure and function of a patient, so that the pumping action of the heart or the motion of swallowing, for example, can be watched. This is useful for both diagnosis and therapy and occurs in general radiology, interventional radiology, and image-guided surgery. (Search "medical imaging" on Wikipedia.com July 14, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Sept. 1, 2021.) Data analyzed, generated, manipulated, interpolated, collected, stored, reviewed, and/or modified in connection with medical imaging or medical image processing can be referred to herein as medical imaging data or medical image data. Measurement and recording techniques that are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), electrocardiography (ECG), and others, represent other technologies that produce data susceptible to representation as a parameter graph vs. time or maps that contain data about the measurement locations. These technologies may be considered forms of medical imaging in certain disciplines. (Search "medical imaging" on Wikipedia.com June 16, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 23, 2021.)	31	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	The shaft 210 serves to structurally interconnect parts of the surgical device 200a. In certain embodiments, the shaft 210 is elongated and has a circular cross-section. In another embodiment, the shaft 210 can have a variety of cross sectional shapes including square, rectangular, and the like. In certain embodiments, the shaft 210 includes a proximal end 212 and a distal end 214. In certain embodiments, the proximal end 212 and distal end 214 may correspond to a respective proximal end and/or distal end of the surgical device 200a. In certain embodiments, the shaft 210 has a length that enables the distal end 214 to contact cortical bone of a vertebra and the proximal end 212 extend far enough for a surgeon to comfortably operate the surgical device 200a. In certain embodiments, the shaft 210 has a length that places the proximal end 212 outside a superficial layer of skin of the patient.	63	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	In certain embodiments, a surgeon may apply a driving force to the head 240 and the driving force may create a pedicle screw pilot hole in a vertebra of the patient. The surgeon may apply the driving force when the surgical device 200a is at a desired orientation angle. In this manner, the surgeon can create a pedicle screw pilot hole at the desired orientation angle. The pedicle screw pilot hole can establish a desired pedicle screw trajectory for subsequent deployment of the pedicle screw. "Pilot hole" refers to a hole, void, opening, channel, space, or passage that extends from one side of a structure into the structure. A pilot hole can serve as a guide for a fixation device subsequently placed into the pilot hole. A pilot hole can facilitate deployment of the fixation device within the structure.	72	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	The head 240 may serve as a contact point for a surgeon to apply an axial force to the surgical device 200a. In the illustrated embodiment, the head 240 is coupled to the shaft 210 at the proximal end 212 and a center of the head 240 may align with a longitudinal axis of the surgical device 200a and/or shaft 210. A surgeon may apply the axial force to the head to cause the bone probe 216 to penetrate into the cortical bone of the patient. The axial force may be applied when the shaft 210 is oriented at a desired orientation angle. A surgeon may apply the axial force by striking or pressing the head 240 with the surgeon’s hand or fingers or with an instrument such as a mallet or hammer. In one embodiment, the shaft 210 includes the head 240 near the proximal end 212. The head 240 may be configured to receive a strike and the bone probe 216 may be configured to penetrate cortical bone of a patient in response to the strike.	71	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	The surfaces of the housing 220 can have a variety of shapes, sizes, and contours. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the superior surface 226 may be a curved surface that includes the head 240. In certain embodiments, the head 240 is at a proximal end of the surgical device 200a and/or a proximal end 212 of the shaft 210. The head 240 may include a planar surface and have a round cross-section.	70	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	FIGS. 2A-2E, illustrate a perspective top front view, a perspective top rear view, a perspective side view, a top view, and a bottom view of an exemplary embodiment of an intraoperative angle measurement apparatus (surgical device 200a). Referring to FIGS. 2A-2E, in the illustrated embodiment, the housing 220 has six surfaces: an anterior surface 222, a posterior surface 224, a superior surface 226, an inferior surface 228, a first lateral surface 230, and a second lateral surface 232. The surfaces may meet at edges. In the illustrated embodiment, the first lateral surface 230 and second lateral surface 232 are positioned to be a pair of opposite lateral surfaces. The first lateral surface 230 and second lateral surface 232 may extend at an obtuse angle in relation to the inferior surface 228 and engage with the superior surface 226. The angles of the first lateral surface 230 and/or second lateral surface 232 may be configured to minimize the size of the housing 220 and/or mitigate blockage of a surgeon’s view into a wound the surgical device 200a is in.	69	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, a "housing" refers to a structure that serves to connect, interconnect, surround, enclose, and/or protect one or more other structural components. A housing may be made from a variety of materials including, but not limited to, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic, carbon, biocompatible materials, biodegradable materials or the like. Often a housing is made from plastic due to its in expense, strength and durability. A housing may also be formed of any biocompatible materials (particularly when part of an implant), including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others. A housing may include a frame or framework or function within a larger system, component, structure, or device.	68	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	The housing 220 may serve to enclose the electronic circuit 300 and a power supply. The housing 220 may be of a variety of different shapes and sizes. In certain embodiments, the housing 220 can be as small as possible to facilitate use of the surgical device 200a. The housing 220 can be coupled to the shaft 210 near or at the proximal end 212.	67	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	In certain embodiments, distal end 214 of the shaft 210 includes the bone probe 216. The bone probe 216 can be integrated with the shaft 210 or coupled to the shaft 210 by way of a connector. In certain embodiments, the connector may include a threaded end and a corresponding threaded opening each of these formed in one or the other of the shaft 210 and the bone probe 216. Of course, the bone probe 216 may couple to the shaft 210 by way of a variety of other connectors and/or fasteners. In certain embodiments, the bone probe 216 is engineered and constructed to engage and remain in contact with cortical bone of a patient while a user orients the shaft 210 to a desired orientation.	66	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	The bone probe 216 can be structured to engage and remain in contact with cortical bone of a patient when the surgical device 200a is in use. In one embodiment, the bone probe 216 can be structured to engage and remain in stationary contact with cortical bone of a patient while a user orients the shaft 210 to a desired orientation. For example, in one embodiment, the bone probe 216 may include a point on one end that contacts and may press into cortical bone of a patient. "Stationary contact" refers to a form of contact between two structures in which during the contact the structures do not translate relative to each other. In certain embodiments, a surgeon may tap on the head 240 to ensure that the bone probe 216 engages and remains in stationary contact with cortical bone as the surgical device 200a is being used.	65	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	The surgical device 200a can include a bone probe 216. "Bone probe" refers to a structure, device, component, assembly, or apparatus configured, designed, engineered or configured to test, explore, investigate, or probe bone, bone parts, and/or attributes of bone of a patient. In certain embodiments, a bone probe can be configured to engage and penetrate bone of the patient. In another embodiment, a bone probe can be configured to contact and remain in contact with a bone or portion of a bone while a process or step is completed. The bone probe 216 serves to contact cortical bone of a patient when the surgical device 200a is in use.	64	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, "medical imaging" refers to a technique and process of imaging the interior or exterior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat disease. Medical imaging may be used to establish a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make possible identification of abnormalities. Medical imaging in its widest sense, is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology, which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, endoscopy, elastography, tactile imaging, thermography, medical photography, nuclear medicine functional imaging techniques as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Another form of X-ray radiography includes computerized tomography (CT) scans in which a computer controls the position of the X-ray sources and detectors. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is another medical imaging technology.	30	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, a "surgical device" refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to be used in connection with a surgical procedure.	61	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	FIG. 2A is a perspective top front view of an intraoperative angle measurement apparatus according to one embodiment. The intraoperative angle measurement apparatus may be embodied as a surgical device 200a that include a shaft 210, a housing 220, a head 240, a handle 250, and/or an electronic circuit 300 (See FIG. 3). Those of skill in the art will appreciate that suitable intraoperative angle measurement apparatuses may have fewer components or more components than those illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 2A.	60	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, "surgical field," "operative field," or "operating field" refers to an area of a patient where surgery is or will be performed and includes one or more areas of a patient's body and all personnel and equipment that is used in the surgery. (Search "surgical field" on medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Copyright 2021 Farlex Inc. Modified. Accessed Sept. 8, 2021.)	59	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	It should be noted that with the patient in a prone position, the ML axis 122 may be parallel to, or extend within, the coronal plane of the patient. Generally, the coronal plane of a patient in the prone position is a horizonal plane also parallel to a floor of the operating room. Where angle A is the orientation angle used to determine an insertion trajectory for a pedicle screw and the AP axis 124 is the reference axis 130, the reference axis 130 may be perpendicular to the horizonal plane of the surgical field which may be parallel to the coronal plane of the patient.	58	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM

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