As used herein, a “bone plate” refers to a structure having a generally planar structure. Often, a bone plate is flat or mostly flat. Certain embodiments, of bone plates can include one or more bends connected to, or integrated with, the bone plate. In certain embodiments, a bone plate can include bends that correspond to contours of a body part of a patient. In certain embodiments, a bone plate can be configured to support a load (including a tension, compression, shear, torsion, and/or bending load). A bone plate can be a separate structure connected to, or integrated with, another structure. Alternatively, a bone plate can be connected to part of another structure. A bone plate can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional and can have a variety of geometric shapes and/or cross-sectional shapes, including, but not limited to a rectangle, a square, or other polygon, as well as a circle, an ellipse, an ovoid, or other circular or semi-circular shape. A bone plate may be made from a variety of materials including, but not limited to, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic, carbon, biocompatible materials, biodegradable materials or the like. A bone plate may be formed of any biocompatible materials, including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel, carbon fiber, combinations of carbon fiber and a metallic alloy, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others, or any combination of these materials. One bone plate may be distinguished from another based on where the plate is positioned within a structure, component, or apparatus. … more As used herein, a “bone plate” refers to a structure having a generally planar structure. Often, a bone plate is flat or mostly flat. Certain embodiments, of bone plates can include one or more bends connected to, or integrated with, the bone plate. In certain embodiments, a bone plate can include bends that correspond to contours of a body part of a patient. In certain embodiments, a bone plate can be configured to support a load (including a tension, compression, shear, torsion, and/or bending load). A bone plate can be a separate structure connected to, or integrated with, another structure. Alternatively, a bone plate can be connected to part of another structure. A bone plate can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional and can have a variety of geometric shapes and/or cross-sectional shapes, including, but not limited to a rectangle, a square, or other polygon, as well as a circle, an ellipse, an ovoid, or other circular or semi-circular shape. A bone plate may be made from a variety of materials including, but not limited to, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic, carbon, biocompatible materials, biodegradable materials or the like. A bone plate may be formed of any biocompatible materials, including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel, carbon fiber, combinations of carbon fiber and a metallic alloy, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others, or any combination of these materials. One bone plate may be distinguished from another based on where the plate is positioned within a structure, component, or apparatus.

As used herein, an "extender" or "extension" refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to extend or continue providing one or more features, functions, attributes, characteristics, and/or advantages of a first structure associated with the extender. An extender can include a coupling, connector, or connection feature that enables the extender to connect to, communicate with, or interact with the first structure. An extender or extension may be made from a variety of materials including, but not limited to, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic, carbon, biocompatible materials, biodegradable materials or the like. An "extender" or "extension" may be formed of any biocompatible materials, including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others, or any combination of these materials. … more As used herein, an "extender" or "extension" refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to extend or continue providing one or more features, functions, attributes, characteristics, and/or advantages of a first structure associated with the extender. An extender can include a coupling, connector, or connection feature that enables the extender to connect to, communicate with, or interact with the first structure. An extender or extension may be made from a variety of materials including, but not limited to, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic, carbon, biocompatible materials, biodegradable materials or the like. An "extender" or "extension" may be formed of any biocompatible materials, including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others, or any combination of these materials.

As used herein, “row” refers to a number of objects arranged or aligned such that they follow an organized line. Typically, the organized line is a straight horizontal line. In certain embodiments, the organized line can be a curved line or may extend in a vertical and horizontal direction. (search "row" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. Accessed 04 Aug. 2021. Modified) … more As used herein, “row” refers to a number of objects arranged or aligned such that they follow an organized line. Typically, the organized line is a straight horizontal line. In certain embodiments, the organized line can be a curved line or may extend in a vertical and horizontal direction. (search "row" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. Accessed 04 Aug. 2021. Modified)

As used herein, “bevel” refers to an edge of a structure that is not perpendicular to the faces of the piece, the edge has a slope or slant or angled profile and can refer to a sloped surface. Often a cutting tool such as a blade or tooth can have a beveled edge that facilitates the cutting edge in cutting into a target material. "bevel" and "chamfer" can be used interchangeably herein. (Search "bevel" on Wikipedia.com May 17, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Aug. 04, 2021; search "bevel" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. Accessed 04 Aug. 2021. Modified; search "bevel" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2021. Web. Accessed 04 Aug. 2021. Modified.) … more As used herein, “bevel” refers to an edge of a structure that is not perpendicular to the faces of the piece, the edge has a slope or slant or angled profile and can refer to a sloped surface. Often a cutting tool such as a blade or tooth can have a beveled edge that facilitates the cutting edge in cutting into a target material. "bevel" and "chamfer" can be used interchangeably herein. (Search "bevel" on Wikipedia.com May 17, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Aug. 04, 2021; search "bevel" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. Accessed 04 Aug. 2021. Modified; search "bevel" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2021. Web. Accessed 04 Aug. 2021. Modified.)

The phrases "connected to," "coupled to" and "in communication with" refer to any form of interaction between two or more entities, including mechanical, electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, fluid, and thermal interaction. Two components may be functionally coupled to or in communication with each other even though they are not in direct contact with each other. … more The phrases "connected to," "coupled to" and "in communication with" refer to any form of interaction between two or more entities, including mechanical, electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, fluid, and thermal interaction. Two components may be functionally coupled to or in communication with each other even though they are not in direct contact with each other.

As used herein, “blade” refers to a part or structure that resembles the blade of a leaf. A blade can also refer to a planar structure that can be flat or curved and is part of machine, propeller, fan, or turbine, or the like. A blade can also refer to cutting part of an instrument, implement, or tool. (search "blade" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 04 Aug. 2021. Modified.) … more As used herein, “blade” refers to a part or structure that resembles the blade of a leaf. A blade can also refer to a planar structure that can be flat or curved and is part of machine, propeller, fan, or turbine, or the like. A blade can also refer to cutting part of an instrument, implement, or tool. (search "blade" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 04 Aug. 2021. Modified.)

As used herein, “end” refers to a part or structure of an area or span that lies at the boundary or edge. An end can also refer to a point that marks the extent of something and/or a point where something ceases to exist. An end can also refer to an extreme or last part lengthwise of a structure or surface. (search "end" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 04 Aug. 2021. Modified.) … more As used herein, “end” refers to a part or structure of an area or span that lies at the boundary or edge. An end can also refer to a point that marks the extent of something and/or a point where something ceases to exist. An end can also refer to an extreme or last part lengthwise of a structure or surface. (search "end" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 04 Aug. 2021. Modified.)

As used herein, “direction” refers to the line or course on which something or someone is moving or is aimed to move; or along which something is pointing or facing. (search "direction" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 04 Aug. 2021. Modified.) … more As used herein, “direction” refers to the line or course on which something or someone is moving or is aimed to move; or along which something is pointing or facing. (search "direction" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 04 Aug. 2021. Modified.)

As used herein, “tab” refers to structure that extends or projects from another larger structure. A tab can be short and wide or long and thin. Typically, a tab is rigid and can include a degree of flexibility. Examples of a tab include a small flap or loop by which something may be grasped or pulled, a long thin projection that extends in one direction, a projection from a card or sheet, or the like. In certain embodiments, a tab can be an appendage or extension to another structure. (search "tab" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 27 July 2021. Modified.) … more As used herein, “tab” refers to structure that extends or projects from another larger structure. A tab can be short and wide or long and thin. Typically, a tab is rigid and can include a degree of flexibility. Examples of a tab include a small flap or loop by which something may be grasped or pulled, a long thin projection that extends in one direction, a projection from a card or sheet, or the like. In certain embodiments, a tab can be an appendage or extension to another structure. (search "tab" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 27 July 2021. Modified.)

As used herein, “adapter” refers to a device, component, system, assembly, or structure, that is organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to convert or convey attributes, features, or functions of one device, component, or structure, for use with an otherwise incompatible device, component, system, assembly, or structure. (Search "adapter" on Wikipedia.com May 13, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed July 27, 2021.) An adapter may include one or more modifiers that identify one or more particular functions, attributes, advantages, uses, purposes, or operations and/or particular structures relating to the adapter. Examples of such modifiers applied to a feature, include, but are not limited to, "offset adapter," "accessibility adapter," "accommodation adapter," "detour adapter," "routing adapter," "rerouting adapter," and the like. … more As used herein, “adapter” refers to a device, component, system, assembly, or structure, that is organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to convert or convey attributes, features, or functions of one device, component, or structure, for use with an otherwise incompatible device, component, system, assembly, or structure. (Search "adapter" on Wikipedia.com May 13, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed July 27, 2021.) An adapter may include one or more modifiers that identify one or more particular functions, attributes, advantages, uses, purposes, or operations and/or particular structures relating to the adapter. Examples of such modifiers applied to a feature, include, but are not limited to, "offset adapter," "accessibility adapter," "accommodation adapter," "detour adapter," "routing adapter," "rerouting adapter," and the like.

As used herein, “periprosthetic” refers to a structure positioned in close relation to an implant. Periprosthetic can also be used as an adjective to describe a type of bone fracture. For example, a periprosthetic fracture is a fracture near or around an implant of prosthetic. (Search "periprosthetic" on Wikipedia.com Sept. 20, 2020. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed July 26, 2021.) … more As used herein, “periprosthetic” refers to a structure positioned in close relation to an implant. Periprosthetic can also be used as an adjective to describe a type of bone fracture. For example, a periprosthetic fracture is a fracture near or around an implant of prosthetic. (Search "periprosthetic" on Wikipedia.com Sept. 20, 2020. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed July 26, 2021.)

As used herein, an “aperture” refers to a gap, a hole, a port, a portal, an opening, a space or recess in a structure, a void in a structure, or the like. In certain embodiments, an aperture can refer to a structure configured specifically for receiving something and/or for allowing access. In certain embodiments, an aperture can pass through a structure. In other embodiments, an aperture can exist within a structure but not pass through the structure. An aperture can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional and can have a variety of geometric shapes and/or cross-sectional shapes, including, but not limited to a rectangle, a square, or other polygon, as well as a circle, an ellipse, an ovoid, or other circular or semi-circular shape. … more As used herein, an “aperture” refers to a gap, a hole, a port, a portal, an opening, a space or recess in a structure, a void in a structure, or the like. In certain embodiments, an aperture can refer to a structure configured specifically for receiving something and/or for allowing access. In certain embodiments, an aperture can pass through a structure. In other embodiments, an aperture can exist within a structure but not pass through the structure. An aperture can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional and can have a variety of geometric shapes and/or cross-sectional shapes, including, but not limited to a rectangle, a square, or other polygon, as well as a circle, an ellipse, an ovoid, or other circular or semi-circular shape.

As used herein, "flange" refers to a protrusion such as a protruded ridge, lip or rim, either external or internal, designed, configured, engineered, or positioned for engagement with another object and/or for attachment, or transfer of a contact force with another object (e.g., such as a flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a camera); or that serves to increase strength (e.g., the flange of an iron beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam); or for stabilizing and guiding the movements of a machine or its parts (e.g., the inside flange of a rail car or tram wheel, which keep the wheels from running off the rails). (Search "flange" on Wikipedia.com May 24, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed July 14, 2021.) … more As used herein, "flange" refers to a protrusion such as a protruded ridge, lip or rim, either external or internal, designed, configured, engineered, or positioned for engagement with another object and/or for attachment, or transfer of a contact force with another object (e.g., such as a flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a camera); or that serves to increase strength (e.g., the flange of an iron beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam); or for stabilizing and guiding the movements of a machine or its parts (e.g., the inside flange of a rail car or tram wheel, which keep the wheels from running off the rails). (Search "flange" on Wikipedia.com May 24, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed July 14, 2021.)

As used herein, a “electrical communication” refers to a circuit, connection, contact, lead, trace, path, or relationship between two structures that is configured, designed, coordinated, or organized to pass, convey, transfer, transmit or send an electric charge, charge carrier, or current between a source and a destination. Examples of electrical communication, include, but are not limited to, a conductor or interconnect between a source and a destination that passes an electric charge, charge carrier, or current through or on a surface of the conductor or interconnect, a conductor or interconnect in proximity to a magnetic, static, or electrical field, that causes a movement of electric charge within the conductor or interconnect, and the like. … more As used herein, a “electrical communication” refers to a circuit, connection, contact, lead, trace, path, or relationship between two structures that is configured, designed, coordinated, or organized to pass, convey, transfer, transmit or send an electric charge, charge carrier, or current between a source and a destination. Examples of electrical communication, include, but are not limited to, a conductor or interconnect between a source and a destination that passes an electric charge, charge carrier, or current through or on a surface of the conductor or interconnect, a conductor or interconnect in proximity to a magnetic, static, or electrical field, that causes a movement of electric charge within the conductor or interconnect, and the like.

As used herein, a “coating” refers to a layer or covering of a structure. The structure may be a substrate, a base layer, another layer, or any object. The coating may be solid, semi-solid, and/or amorphous either when applied or after a drying or curing period. The coating may include a single element, a set of single elements forming a molecule, one or more compounds, or a mixture. A coating may have a variety of thicknesses and the thicknesses may be uniform or non-uniform across a surface and/or substrate. The coating may have a nano-scale thickness, a micro-scale thickness, a macro-scale thickness, or a combination of these. A coating may be applied by painting, spraying, pouring, immersion within the coating, and the like. "Layer" refers to a planar set of material in a multilayer structure. … more As used herein, a “coating” refers to a layer or covering of a structure. The structure may be a substrate, a base layer, another layer, or any object. The coating may be solid, semi-solid, and/or amorphous either when applied or after a drying or curing period. The coating may include a single element, a set of single elements forming a molecule, one or more compounds, or a mixture. A coating may have a variety of thicknesses and the thicknesses may be uniform or non-uniform across a surface and/or substrate. The coating may have a nano-scale thickness, a micro-scale thickness, a macro-scale thickness, or a combination of these. A coating may be applied by painting, spraying, pouring, immersion within the coating, and the like. "Layer" refers to a planar set of material in a multilayer structure.

As used herein, a "fixator" refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to connect two bones or bone fragments or a single bone or bone fragment and another fixator to position and retain the bone or bone fragments in a desired position and/or orientation. Fixators can also serve to redistribute load and stresses experienced by bone(s) and/or body parts and can serve to reduce relative motion of one part relative to others. Examples of fixators include both those for external fixation as well as those for internal fixation and include, but are not limited to pins, wires, Kirschner wires, screws, anchors, bone anchors, plates, bone plates, intramedullary nails or rods or pins, implants, interbody cages, fusion cages, and the like. … more As used herein, a "fixator" refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to connect two bones or bone fragments or a single bone or bone fragment and another fixator to position and retain the bone or bone fragments in a desired position and/or orientation. Fixators can also serve to redistribute load and stresses experienced by bone(s) and/or body parts and can serve to reduce relative motion of one part relative to others. Examples of fixators include both those for external fixation as well as those for internal fixation and include, but are not limited to pins, wires, Kirschner wires, screws, anchors, bone anchors, plates, bone plates, intramedullary nails or rods or pins, implants, interbody cages, fusion cages, and the like.

As used herein, "osteoconductive" refers to a type or kind of material, bone graft material, device, structure, substrate, or apparatus that provides a suitable scaffold or matrix upon which bone tissue can grow. … more As used herein, "osteoconductive" refers to a type or kind of material, bone graft material, device, structure, substrate, or apparatus that provides a suitable scaffold or matrix upon which bone tissue can grow.

As used herein, "osteoinductive" refers to a type or kind of material, bone graft material, device, structure, or apparatus that stimulates cells of a patient to grow bone tissue. … more As used herein, "osteoinductive" refers to a type or kind of material, bone graft material, device, structure, or apparatus that stimulates cells of a patient to grow bone tissue.

As used herein, "substrate" refers to a material which provides a surface on which something is deposited or inscribed, for example a silicon wafer used to manufacture integrated circuits and or semiconductors. (Search "substrate" on lexico.com © 2020 Lexico.com. Edited. Accessed April 3, 2020.) A substrate may be a rigid or flexible structure and may be planar or curved in shape. A substrate may also be used in a variety of structures including printed circuit boards (PCB), medical implants, and the like. Typically, a substrate is non-conductive or semi-conductive, but may also be conductive, and may be formed from a variety of materials including plastic, ceramics, metal, acrylic, carbon, and biodegradable materials (preferably: stainless steel, titanium, titanium composite/alloy, cobalt chrome, tantalum, silicon nitride, polyetheretherketone, poly(ε-caprolactone), polyurethane, allograft, Poly-L/D-lactic acid (PLDLA), silicon, resin, fiberglass, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, sapphire, germanium, gallium arsenide (GaAs), an alloy of silicon and germanium, indium phosphide (InP), or the like. In certain embodiments, a substrate may comprise a surface of a medical implant. In certain embodiments, a substrate may comprise a silicon wafer and in other embodiments, a substrate may comprise another layer of an integrated semiconductor, including, but not limited to, a top surface of a cell film stack, or the like. … more As used herein, "substrate" refers to a material which provides a surface on which something is deposited or inscribed, for example a silicon wafer used to manufacture integrated circuits and or semiconductors. (Search "substrate" on lexico.com © 2020 Lexico.com. Edited. Accessed April 3, 2020.) A substrate may be a rigid or flexible structure and may be planar or curved in shape. A substrate may also be used in a variety of structures including printed circuit boards (PCB), medical implants, and the like. Typically, a substrate is non-conductive or semi-conductive, but may also be conductive, and may be formed from a variety of materials including plastic, ceramics, metal, acrylic, carbon, and biodegradable materials (preferably: stainless steel, titanium, titanium composite/alloy, cobalt chrome, tantalum, silicon nitride, polyetheretherketone, poly(ε-caprolactone), polyurethane, allograft, Poly-L/D-lactic acid (PLDLA), silicon, resin, fiberglass, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, sapphire, germanium, gallium arsenide (GaAs), an alloy of silicon and germanium, indium phosphide (InP), or the like. In certain embodiments, a substrate may comprise a surface of a medical implant. In certain embodiments, a substrate may comprise a silicon wafer and in other embodiments, a substrate may comprise another layer of an integrated semiconductor, including, but not limited to, a top surface of a cell film stack, or the like.

As used herein, "nanomaterial" refers to a material of which a single unit has a small size (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 100 nanometers, also referred to as nanoscale. Materials with a structure at the nanoscale may have unique optical, electronic, thermo-physical or mechanical properties. Nanomaterial also includes material defined by the ISO/TS 80004 standard as "material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale", with nanoscale defined as the "length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm." This includes both nano-objects, which are discrete pieces of material, and nanostructured materials, which have internal or surface structure on the nanoscale; a nanomaterial may be a member of both these categories. Nanomaterial may be specifically engineered, occur naturally, or be created as an incidental byproduct of another mechanical or industrial process. Nano-objects are often categorized based on how many of their dimensions fall in the nanoscale. A nanoparticle is defined a nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale, having a longest and the shortest axes that do not differ significantly. A nanofiber has two external dimensions in the nanoscale, with nanotubes being hollow nanofibers and nanorods being solid nanofibers. A nanoplate/nanosheet has one external dimension in the nanoscale, and if the two larger dimensions are significantly different it is referred to as a nanoribbon. For nanofibers and nanoplates, the other dimensions may or may not be in the nanoscale but are typically significantly larger. A difference in dimensions may be considered significant if the difference is at least a factor of 3. Nanostructured materials can be categorized by what phases of matter they contain. A nanocomposite is a solid containing at least one physically or chemically distinct region, or collection of regions, having at least one dimension in the nanoscale. A nanofoam has a liquid or solid matrix, filled with a gaseous phase, where one of the two phases has dimensions on the nanoscale. A nanoporous material is a solid material containing nanopores, voids in the form of open or closed pores of sub-micron length scales. A nanocrystalline material has a significant fraction of crystal grains in the nanoscale. (Search "nanomaterial" on Wikipedia.com May 29, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 30, 2021.) … more As used herein, "nanomaterial" refers to a material of which a single unit has a small size (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 100 nanometers, also referred to as nanoscale. Materials with a structure at the nanoscale may have unique optical, electronic, thermo-physical or mechanical properties. Nanomaterial also includes material defined by the ISO/TS 80004 standard as "material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale", with nanoscale defined as the "length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm." This includes both nano-objects, which are discrete pieces of material, and nanostructured materials, which have internal or surface structure on the nanoscale; a nanomaterial may be a member of both these categories. Nanomaterial may be specifically engineered, occur naturally, or be created as an incidental byproduct of another mechanical or industrial process. Nano-objects are often categorized based on how many of their dimensions fall in the nanoscale. A nanoparticle is defined a nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale, having a longest and the shortest axes that do not differ significantly. A nanofiber has two external dimensions in the nanoscale, with nanotubes being hollow nanofibers and nanorods being solid nanofibers. A nanoplate/nanosheet has one external dimension in the nanoscale, and if the two larger dimensions are significantly different it is referred to as a nanoribbon. For nanofibers and nanoplates, the other dimensions may or may not be in the nanoscale but are typically significantly larger. A difference in dimensions may be considered significant if the difference is at least a factor of 3. Nanostructured materials can be categorized by what phases of matter they contain. A nanocomposite is a solid containing at least one physically or chemically distinct region, or collection of regions, having at least one dimension in the nanoscale. A nanofoam has a liquid or solid matrix, filled with a gaseous phase, where one of the two phases has dimensions on the nanoscale. A nanoporous material is a solid material containing nanopores, voids in the form of open or closed pores of sub-micron length scales. A nanocrystalline material has a significant fraction of crystal grains in the nanoscale. (Search "nanomaterial" on Wikipedia.com May 29, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 30, 2021.)