As used herein, "intersection" refers to a point, plane, line, or area where two or more other points, lines, planes, or areas each occupy the same space. … more As used herein, "intersection" refers to a point, plane, line, or area where two or more other points, lines, planes, or areas each occupy the same space.

As used herein, "pore size" refers to a largest diameter for a pore. … more As used herein, "pore size" refers to a largest diameter for a pore.

As used herein, "attribute" refers to any property, trait, aspect, quality, data value, setting, or feature of an object or thing. In embodiments of the claimed solution, attribute refers to properties of an object detector and may include, but is not limited to, an accuracy level for the object detector, a latency for the object detector between receiving input(s) and providing an output (e.g., an inference result, an object detection prediction), a measure of an amount of memory resources the object detector uses, a measure of a resolution level for an image or frame provided as input to the object detector, a measure of an amount of processor resources the object detector uses, a measure of the number of computations the object detector performs per unit of time, such as seconds, and the like. Where the object detector comprises a neural network, the attribute(s) of the object detector may include, but are not limited to, a type of neural network, a number of layers of the neural network, a number of nodes of the neural network, a number and/or type of interconnection between nodes of the neural network, a number of parameters used in the neural network, a number of floating point operations per second (FLOPS) for the neural network, and the like. Where the object detector comprises a neural network, object detectors may be compared based on attributes for each object detector. In certain embodiments, object detectors in the form of neural networks may be compared, at a high level, using a rough comparison reference to size or weight. Generally, these size or weight comparisons of neural networks may be used to compare the neural networks based on a collection of attributes that relate to tradeoffs between one or more performance metrics and one or more operational constraints. For example, an object detector/neural network may be described as heavy, heavyweight, large, thick, or fat and have the attributes of having a relatively high number of nodes, high number of layers, high FLOPS, high memory usage, and/or high computational latency, in exchange for higher accuracy of object detection. In contrast and by comparison, another object detector/neural network may be described as light, lightweight, small, thin, or lean and have the attributes of having a relatively small/low number of nodes, small/low number of layers, small/low FLOPS, small/low memory usage, and/or small/low computational latency, in exchange for lower accuracy of object detection. Where the object detector comprises a neural network, and a convolutional neural network in particular, the attribute(s) may also be referred to as hyperparameters and may include aspects such as a number of total layers to use in the neural network, a number of convolution layers, filter sizes, values for strides at each layer, and/or the like. … more As used herein, "attribute" refers to any property, trait, aspect, quality, data value, setting, or feature of an object or thing. In embodiments of the claimed solution, attribute refers to properties of an object detector and may include, but is not limited to, an accuracy level for the object detector, a latency for the object detector between receiving input(s) and providing an output (e.g., an inference result, an object detection prediction), a measure of an amount of memory resources the object detector uses, a measure of a resolution level for an image or frame provided as input to the object detector, a measure of an amount of processor resources the object detector uses, a measure of the number of computations the object detector performs per unit of time, such as seconds, and the like. Where the object detector comprises a neural network, the attribute(s) of the object detector may include, but are not limited to, a type of neural network, a number of layers of the neural network, a number of nodes of the neural network, a number and/or type of interconnection between nodes of the neural network, a number of parameters used in the neural network, a number of floating point operations per second (FLOPS) for the neural network, and the like. Where the object detector comprises a neural network, object detectors may be compared based on attributes for each object detector. In certain embodiments, object detectors in the form of neural networks may be compared, at a high level, using a rough comparison reference to size or weight. Generally, these size or weight comparisons of neural networks may be used to compare the neural networks based on a collection of attributes that relate to tradeoffs between one or more performance metrics and one or more operational constraints. For example, an object detector/neural network may be described as heavy, heavyweight, large, thick, or fat and have the attributes of having a relatively high number of nodes, high number of layers, high FLOPS, high memory usage, and/or high computational latency, in exchange for higher accuracy of object detection. In contrast and by comparison, another object detector/neural network may be described as light, lightweight, small, thin, or lean and have the attributes of having a relatively small/low number of nodes, small/low number of layers, small/low FLOPS, small/low memory usage, and/or small/low computational latency, in exchange for lower accuracy of object detection. Where the object detector comprises a neural network, and a convolutional neural network in particular, the attribute(s) may also be referred to as hyperparameters and may include aspects such as a number of total layers to use in the neural network, a number of convolution layers, filter sizes, values for strides at each layer, and/or the like.

As used herein, a "column" or "pillar" refers to a structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to transmit, through compression, the weight and/or load of a structure above to other structural elements below the pillar or column. (Search 'Column' on Wikipedia.com August 20, 2021. Modified. Accessed Aug. 30, 2021.) Generally, a column or pillar in a structure has a cylindrical shape. … more As used herein, a "column" or "pillar" refers to a structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to transmit, through compression, the weight and/or load of a structure above to other structural elements below the pillar or column. (Search 'Column' on Wikipedia.com August 20, 2021. Modified. Accessed Aug. 30, 2021.) Generally, a column or pillar in a structure has a cylindrical shape.

As used herein, a “Triply Periodic Minimal Surface" (TPMS) refers to a minimal surface in ℝ3 that is invariant under a rank-3 lattice of translations within differential geometry. (Search 'Triply periodic minimal surface' on Wikipedia.com July 19, 2020. Modified. Accessed Aug. 26, 2021.) TPMS is also a type of surface that designers can use in Computer Aided Design (CAD) software to generate lattice structures. TPMS structures can be organized into certain families such as the gyroid family and the lidnoid family. … more As used herein, a “Triply Periodic Minimal Surface" (TPMS) refers to a minimal surface in ℝ3 that is invariant under a rank-3 lattice of translations within differential geometry. (Search 'Triply periodic minimal surface' on Wikipedia.com July 19, 2020. Modified. Accessed Aug. 26, 2021.) TPMS is also a type of surface that designers can use in Computer Aided Design (CAD) software to generate lattice structures. TPMS structures can be organized into certain families such as the gyroid family and the lidnoid family.

As used herein, a “pore” refers to a type of opening. In certain embodiments, a pore is an opening configured to facilitate passage of a gas, liquid, or other type of particle through the structure that includes the pore. In certain embodiments, a structure may include a plurality of pores. In certain embodiments, a pore can exist within a structure but not pass through the structure. Such pores are referred to herein as "dead-end pores." Alternatively, or in addition, a pore can exist within a structure that passes through the structure. Such pores are referred to herein as "through pores" because they permit passage of a gas, liquid, or other type of particle through the structure that includes the pore. … more As used herein, a “pore” refers to a type of opening. In certain embodiments, a pore is an opening configured to facilitate passage of a gas, liquid, or other type of particle through the structure that includes the pore. In certain embodiments, a structure may include a plurality of pores. In certain embodiments, a pore can exist within a structure but not pass through the structure. Such pores are referred to herein as "dead-end pores." Alternatively, or in addition, a pore can exist within a structure that passes through the structure. Such pores are referred to herein as "through pores" because they permit passage of a gas, liquid, or other type of particle through the structure that includes the pore.

As used herein, a “mesh” refers to a two or three dimensional structure having a plurality of openings or pores distributed within a longitudinal plane of the structure. A mesh may comprise a polygon mesh or a volumetric mesh. In 3D computer graphics and solid modeling, a polygon mesh is a collection of vertices, edges and faces that defines the shape of a polyhedral object. The faces usually consist of triangles (triangle mesh), quadrilaterals (quads), or other simple convex polygons (n-gons), since this simplifies rendering, but may also be more generally composed of concave polygons, or even polygons with holes. Volumetric meshes are distinct from polygon meshes in that they explicitly represent both the surface and volume of a structure, while polygon meshes only explicitly represent the surface (the volume is implicit). Volumetric meshes are a polygonal representation of the interior volume of an object. Unlike polygon meshes, which represent only the surface as polygons, volumetric meshes also discretize the interior structure of the object. (Search 'Polygon Mesh' and "Volume mesh" on Wikipedia.com June 5, 2021, Sept. 30, 2021. Accessed Aug. 30, 2021.) Each of the plurality of openings or pores of a mesh may be of a common shape or a random shape. Alternatively, or in addition, the plurality of openings of a mesh may include pores having two or more geometric shapes. In addition, each of the plurality of pores of the mesh may be of a common size or diameter or may be of random sizes or diameters. Alternatively, or in addition, the plurality of pores of a mesh may include pores having two or more different diameter sizes. In certain embodiments, a mesh can include a single interconnected structure that occupies either a two dimensional or three dimensional space. In certain embodiments, a mesh can include a single structure that includes a plurality of wavy and curved edges that make up the mesh. … more As used herein, a “mesh” refers to a two or three dimensional structure having a plurality of openings or pores distributed within a longitudinal plane of the structure. A mesh may comprise a polygon mesh or a volumetric mesh. In 3D computer graphics and solid modeling, a polygon mesh is a collection of vertices, edges and faces that defines the shape of a polyhedral object. The faces usually consist of triangles (triangle mesh), quadrilaterals (quads), or other simple convex polygons (n-gons), since this simplifies rendering, but may also be more generally composed of concave polygons, or even polygons with holes. Volumetric meshes are distinct from polygon meshes in that they explicitly represent both the surface and volume of a structure, while polygon meshes only explicitly represent the surface (the volume is implicit). Volumetric meshes are a polygonal representation of the interior volume of an object. Unlike polygon meshes, which represent only the surface as polygons, volumetric meshes also discretize the interior structure of the object. (Search 'Polygon Mesh' and "Volume mesh" on Wikipedia.com June 5, 2021, Sept. 30, 2021. Accessed Aug. 30, 2021.) Each of the plurality of openings or pores of a mesh may be of a common shape or a random shape. Alternatively, or in addition, the plurality of openings of a mesh may include pores having two or more geometric shapes. In addition, each of the plurality of pores of the mesh may be of a common size or diameter or may be of random sizes or diameters. Alternatively, or in addition, the plurality of pores of a mesh may include pores having two or more different diameter sizes. In certain embodiments, a mesh can include a single interconnected structure that occupies either a two dimensional or three dimensional space. In certain embodiments, a mesh can include a single structure that includes a plurality of wavy and curved edges that make up the mesh.

As used herein, an "interbody" or "fusion cage" or "cage" refers to an implant configured, designed, engineered, or arranged to be positioned between two other structures, organs, bones, or tissues within a patient. Often, the term interbody is used to refer to implants for use between vertebrae of a patient. Other terms that may be used herein for an interbody include, but are not limited to "fusion cage," "cage," "fusion device,", "spinal intervertebral device," "spinal interbody," or the like. In certain embodiments, an interbody may include an opening between a top side or surface of the interbody and a bottom side or surface of the interbody which may be used to hold graft material such as bone graft used in a fusion or fixation procedure. … more As used herein, an "interbody" or "fusion cage" or "cage" refers to an implant configured, designed, engineered, or arranged to be positioned between two other structures, organs, bones, or tissues within a patient. Often, the term interbody is used to refer to implants for use between vertebrae of a patient. Other terms that may be used herein for an interbody include, but are not limited to "fusion cage," "cage," "fusion device,", "spinal intervertebral device," "spinal interbody," or the like. In certain embodiments, an interbody may include an opening between a top side or surface of the interbody and a bottom side or surface of the interbody which may be used to hold graft material such as bone graft used in a fusion or fixation procedure.

As used herein, a “lattice” refers to a three-dimensional structure having a plurality of pores distributed within a longitudinal plane of the structure. In one embodiment, the pores of the lattice may be configured to expand and/or compress in response to a tensile force or compressive force applied in opposite directions and/or at opposite ends of the lattice. In particular embodiments, structures of the lattice that interconnect the pores may be configured and made of an elastic material such that lattice expands its overall shape in response to tensile force(s) and/or contracts its overall shape in response to compressive force(s). In certain embodiments, a tensile force on the lattice in opposite directions and at opposite ends can cause the lattice to deform, or stretch, to have a greater surface area. In certain embodiments, the pores of the lattice have a common shape and uniform size. For example, in one embodiment, each of the pores can have a geometric shape, a polygon shape, a circular shape, an ovoid shape, an elliptical shape, and the like. In other embodiments, the pores of the lattice have two or more different shape and diameter size that vary. In certain embodiments, a “lattice” may comprise a “mesh.” … more As used herein, a “lattice” refers to a three-dimensional structure having a plurality of pores distributed within a longitudinal plane of the structure. In one embodiment, the pores of the lattice may be configured to expand and/or compress in response to a tensile force or compressive force applied in opposite directions and/or at opposite ends of the lattice. In particular embodiments, structures of the lattice that interconnect the pores may be configured and made of an elastic material such that lattice expands its overall shape in response to tensile force(s) and/or contracts its overall shape in response to compressive force(s). In certain embodiments, a tensile force on the lattice in opposite directions and at opposite ends can cause the lattice to deform, or stretch, to have a greater surface area. In certain embodiments, the pores of the lattice have a common shape and uniform size. For example, in one embodiment, each of the pores can have a geometric shape, a polygon shape, a circular shape, an ovoid shape, an elliptical shape, and the like. In other embodiments, the pores of the lattice have two or more different shape and diameter size that vary. In certain embodiments, a “lattice” may comprise a “mesh.”

As used herein, “pattern” refers to a repeated set of shapes, or designs within or upon a planar structure. In certain embodiments, the pattern defines the number, size, position, layout, and distribution of shapes of a structure. The shapes of the pattern for the structure can include the openings and/or pores of the structure. In one embodiment, the pattern includes a distributed set of pores, or shapes, or openings, that include one or more geometric shapes of a set of geometric shapes. In certain embodiments, the set of pores of the opening is uniformly distributed. In other embodiments, the set of pores of the opening is non-uniformly distributed. … more As used herein, “pattern” refers to a repeated set of shapes, or designs within or upon a planar structure. In certain embodiments, the pattern defines the number, size, position, layout, and distribution of shapes of a structure. The shapes of the pattern for the structure can include the openings and/or pores of the structure. In one embodiment, the pattern includes a distributed set of pores, or shapes, or openings, that include one or more geometric shapes of a set of geometric shapes. In certain embodiments, the set of pores of the opening is uniformly distributed. In other embodiments, the set of pores of the opening is non-uniformly distributed.

As used herein, an “axial translation” refers to motion of one or more components along a common axis. … more As used herein, an “axial translation” refers to motion of one or more components along a common axis.

As used herein, a “clearance fit” refers to a type of engineering fit. An engineering fit is used in defining geometric dimensions and tolerances when designing a part or assembly. The fit is the clearance between two mating parts, and the size of this clearance determines whether the parts can, at one end of the spectrum, move or rotate independently from each other or, at the other end, are temporarily or permanently joined together. Engineering fits are generally described as a "shaft and hole" pairing but are not limited to just round components. The three types of fit are: Clearance: The hole is larger than the shaft, enabling the two parts to slide and / or rotate when assembled, e.g., piston & valves; Location / transition: The hole is fractionally smaller than the shaft and mild force is required to assemble / disassemble e.g., Shaft key; and Interference: The hole is smaller than the shaft and high force and / or heat is required to assemble / disassemble e.g., Bearing bush. (Search 'engineering fit' on Wikipedia.com Aug. 6, 2021. Modified. Accessed Aug. 18, 2021.) … more As used herein, a “clearance fit” refers to a type of engineering fit. An engineering fit is used in defining geometric dimensions and tolerances when designing a part or assembly. The fit is the clearance between two mating parts, and the size of this clearance determines whether the parts can, at one end of the spectrum, move or rotate independently from each other or, at the other end, are temporarily or permanently joined together. Engineering fits are generally described as a "shaft and hole" pairing but are not limited to just round components. The three types of fit are: Clearance: The hole is larger than the shaft, enabling the two parts to slide and / or rotate when assembled, e.g., piston & valves; Location / transition: The hole is fractionally smaller than the shaft and mild force is required to assemble / disassemble e.g., Shaft key; and Interference: The hole is smaller than the shaft and high force and / or heat is required to assemble / disassemble e.g., Bearing bush. (Search 'engineering fit' on Wikipedia.com Aug. 6, 2021. Modified. Accessed Aug. 18, 2021.)

As used herein, a “pushrod” refers to an instrument, structure, device, or component that is long and slender or narrow and structured, organized, configured, positioned, designed, arranged, and/or engineered to press or push against another structure, instrument, component, or device. (Search 'Valve train' on Wikipedia.com July 15, 2021. Modified. Accessed Aug. 18, 2021.) … more As used herein, a “pushrod” refers to an instrument, structure, device, or component that is long and slender or narrow and structured, organized, configured, positioned, designed, arranged, and/or engineered to press or push against another structure, instrument, component, or device. (Search 'Valve train' on Wikipedia.com July 15, 2021. Modified. Accessed Aug. 18, 2021.)

As used herein, “ridge” refers to a narrow, raised band on a surface or a structure that extends outwards from something. One or more ridges can be configured in a uniform relationship to each other, such as being parallel or extending radially from a common point. (Search "ridge" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2021. Web. Accessed 18 Aug. 2021. Modified.) … more As used herein, “ridge” refers to a narrow, raised band on a surface or a structure that extends outwards from something. One or more ridges can be configured in a uniform relationship to each other, such as being parallel or extending radially from a common point. (Search "ridge" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2021. Web. Accessed 18 Aug. 2021. Modified.)

As used herein, an “inserter” refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, system, or assembly that is structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to insert or deploy one or more components, parts, or devices. In certain embodiments, an inserter can be used to insert implants and/or prosthesis into tissue, organs, or parts of a patient. In certain embodiments, an inserter can also be used to extract, retract, reposition, or remove an implant and/or prosthesis. … more As used herein, an “inserter” refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, system, or assembly that is structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to insert or deploy one or more components, parts, or devices. In certain embodiments, an inserter can be used to insert implants and/or prosthesis into tissue, organs, or parts of a patient. In certain embodiments, an inserter can also be used to extract, retract, reposition, or remove an implant and/or prosthesis.

As used herein, a “recess” refers to hollow, void, opening, or depression formed in a surface. In certain embodiments, the recess does not pass through the structure having the surface. A recess can have a variety of cross-section shapes (e.g., ovoid, oval, round, circular, rectangular, square, or the like) and have a variety of configurations for one or more walls that define the recess. In one example, a recess can have one or more walls that connect in rounded corners. In certain embodiments, a recess is sized and shaped to receive or accept another structure. … more As used herein, a “recess” refers to hollow, void, opening, or depression formed in a surface. In certain embodiments, the recess does not pass through the structure having the surface. A recess can have a variety of cross-section shapes (e.g., ovoid, oval, round, circular, rectangular, square, or the like) and have a variety of configurations for one or more walls that define the recess. In one example, a recess can have one or more walls that connect in rounded corners. In certain embodiments, a recess is sized and shaped to receive or accept another structure.

As used herein, an “axial force transmitting relationship” refers to a functional relationship between a first structure and a second structure. In this relationship, the structures interact with each other such that a force experienced or imparted by one structure (first or second) is transferred or transmitted to the other structure (first or second) along or in relation to a shared single axis. In certain embodiments, the first structure and second structure share a common axis. In other words, the two structures are coaxial. One axis, such as a longitudinal axis, is shared by both the first structure and the second structure. … more As used herein, an “axial force transmitting relationship” refers to a functional relationship between a first structure and a second structure. In this relationship, the structures interact with each other such that a force experienced or imparted by one structure (first or second) is transferred or transmitted to the other structure (first or second) along or in relation to a shared single axis. In certain embodiments, the first structure and second structure share a common axis. In other words, the two structures are coaxial. One axis, such as a longitudinal axis, is shared by both the first structure and the second structure.

As used herein, a “knuckle threads” or "round threads" refers to a type of screw thread having a rounded thread form. The rounded thread form results in a space between the rounded crests and roots. This space provides space for material or debris to be shifted to not interfere with the thread and engaged within the space. This thread form is resistant to debris and thread damage. (Search 'knuckle thread' on Wikipedia.com Jan. 23, 2021. Modified. Accessed Aug. 17, 2021.) … more As used herein, a “knuckle threads” or "round threads" refers to a type of screw thread having a rounded thread form. The rounded thread form results in a space between the rounded crests and roots. This space provides space for material or debris to be shifted to not interfere with the thread and engaged within the space. This thread form is resistant to debris and thread damage. (Search 'knuckle thread' on Wikipedia.com Jan. 23, 2021. Modified. Accessed Aug. 17, 2021.)

As used herein, a "thumb screw" refers to a type of fastener or screw designed and configured to be tightened, loosened, attached or detached using a person's fingers, such as a thumb and forefinger. In certain embodiments, a thumb screw may include a knob or button or wheel configured to grasped and rotated by an operator to tighten, loosen, attach or detach the thumb screw. … more As used herein, a "thumb screw" refers to a type of fastener or screw designed and configured to be tightened, loosened, attached or detached using a person's fingers, such as a thumb and forefinger. In certain embodiments, a thumb screw may include a knob or button or wheel configured to grasped and rotated by an operator to tighten, loosen, attach or detach the thumb screw.

As used herein, “column” refers to a number of objects arranged or aligned such that they follow an organized generally vertical line. Typically, the organized line is a straight vertical line. In certain embodiments, the organized line can be a curved line that extends vertically. (search "column" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. Accessed 04 Aug. 2021. Modified) … more As used herein, “column” refers to a number of objects arranged or aligned such that they follow an organized generally vertical line. Typically, the organized line is a straight vertical line. In certain embodiments, the organized line can be a curved line that extends vertically. (search "column" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. Accessed 04 Aug. 2021. Modified)