“Pixel-to-Length Conversion” refers to a mapping from pixel units to physical units (e.g., millimeters per pixel) applicable to an image or region thereof. The conversion may be a scalar, vector, or spatially varying function and may be derived from patient-plane calibration, metadata, or geometric correction. … more “Pixel-to-Length Conversion” refers to a mapping from pixel units to physical units (e.g., millimeters per pixel) applicable to an image or region thereof. The conversion may be a scalar, vector, or spatially varying function and may be derived from patient-plane calibration, metadata, or geometric correction.

“Pixel-Wise Representations” refers to data in which values are defined per pixel (or voxel), including, without limitation, masks, label maps, probability maps, heatmaps, distance transforms, or the like, used to represent anatomy, landmarks, or other features. … more “Pixel-Wise Representations” refers to data in which values are defined per pixel (or voxel), including, without limitation, masks, label maps, probability maps, heatmaps, distance transforms, or the like, used to represent anatomy, landmarks, or other features.

“PL Status” refers to a classification associated with a plumbline (PL) constructed reference, the status being positive when the PL intersects a region of the second metatarsal head and negative when the PL is tangential to, or does not intersect, the second metatarsal head. In some embodiments, a proximity tolerance ε is applied for borderline cases. … more “PL Status” refers to a classification associated with a plumbline (PL) constructed reference, the status being positive when the PL intersects a region of the second metatarsal head and negative when the PL is tangential to, or does not intersect, the second metatarsal head. In some embodiments, a proximity tolerance ε is applied for borderline cases.

“Rectified Digital Photograph” refers to a digital photograph that has undergone geometric rectification to compensate for perspective and/or lens distortion and to isolate and normalize a depiction of an image of interest for subsequent analysis. … more “Rectified Digital Photograph” refers to a digital photograph that has undergone geometric rectification to compensate for perspective and/or lens distortion and to isolate and normalize a depiction of an image of interest for subsequent analysis.

“Threshold Condition” refers to a rule or set of rules evaluated against one or more measurements or indicators, including, without limitation, a value being greater than or less than a threshold, outside a normative range, satisfying a logical combination of criteria, or matching a model-derived decision boundary, and the like. … more “Threshold Condition” refers to a rule or set of rules evaluated against one or more measurements or indicators, including, without limitation, a value being greater than or less than a threshold, outside a normative range, satisfying a logical combination of criteria, or matching a model-derived decision boundary, and the like.

“U-Net” refers to a convolutional neural network architecture comprising an encoder–decoder with skip connections configured to process images and generate pixel-wise outputs (e.g., segmentations, denoised images), and may be implemented as software, firmware, or hardware as part of an artificial intelligence system. … more “U-Net” refers to a convolutional neural network architecture comprising an encoder–decoder with skip connections configured to process images and generate pixel-wise outputs (e.g., segmentations, denoised images), and may be implemented as software, firmware, or hardware as part of an artificial intelligence system.

“Edit” (or “Editing”) refers to any user-initiated or system-assisted action to create, modify, confirm, reject, reorder, relabel, hide/show, lock/unlock, attach metadata to, or delete one or more items relevant to surgical planning, including without limitation landmarks, constructed references (e.g., a plumbline), annotations, measurements (e.g., distances, angles, ratios), calibration data, views/projections (AP, LAT, oblique, weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing designations), simulation parameters, and elements of a planned or final correction procedure, and the like. Editing may include, without limitation: placing or re-placing points; translating/rotating/scaling lines, axes, or regions; snapping to detected edges; redefining or refining a landmark; changing labels or classes; adjusting thresholds or tolerances (e.g., ε for intersect/tangential determinations); recalibrating pixel spacing; converting units; re-measuring or recomputing values; accepting, rejecting, or modifying analyzer-proposed landmarks or measurements; toggling visibility or layering of overlays; cropping, window/level adjustment, or other non-destructive display adjustments; linking a measurement or reference to a planned correction step; and adding notes or rationale. Editing may be performed manually, semi-automatically, or automatically, via any input modality including mouse/trackpad, keyboard, stylus, touch, multi-touch gestures, voice, foot pedal, gaze/eye-tracking, or programmatic commands, and the like. In one embodiment, edits trigger real-time re-computation of dependent values (e.g., intermetatarsal angle, PL classification/clearance), updates to anatomic data, regeneration of annotated images or simulated corrected anatomy images, and/or updates to procedure plans. In one embodiment, edits are versioned with timestamps, user identity, and change descriptions, and are non-destructive to the underlying image data unless an explicit destructive operation is selected. Editing may occur pre-operative, intra-operative, or post-operative; may be performed locally or remotely (including telehealth); and may be executed by a surgeon or other authorized user under applicable permissions and workflows. … more “Edit” (or “Editing”) refers to any user-initiated or system-assisted action to create, modify, confirm, reject, reorder, relabel, hide/show, lock/unlock, attach metadata to, or delete one or more items relevant to surgical planning, including without limitation landmarks, constructed references (e.g., a plumbline), annotations, measurements (e.g., distances, angles, ratios), calibration data, views/projections (AP, LAT, oblique, weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing designations), simulation parameters, and elements of a planned or final correction procedure, and the like. Editing may include, without limitation: placing or re-placing points; translating/rotating/scaling lines, axes, or regions; snapping to detected edges; redefining or refining a landmark; changing labels or classes; adjusting thresholds or tolerances (e.g., ε for intersect/tangential determinations); recalibrating pixel spacing; converting units; re-measuring or recomputing values; accepting, rejecting, or modifying analyzer-proposed landmarks or measurements; toggling visibility or layering of overlays; cropping, window/level adjustment, or other non-destructive display adjustments; linking a measurement or reference to a planned correction step; and adding notes or rationale. Editing may be performed manually, semi-automatically, or automatically, via any input modality including mouse/trackpad, keyboard, stylus, touch, multi-touch gestures, voice, foot pedal, gaze/eye-tracking, or programmatic commands, and the like. In one embodiment, edits trigger real-time re-computation of dependent values (e.g., intermetatarsal angle, PL classification/clearance), updates to anatomic data, regeneration of annotated images or simulated corrected anatomy images, and/or updates to procedure plans. In one embodiment, edits are versioned with timestamps, user identity, and change descriptions, and are non-destructive to the underlying image data unless an explicit destructive operation is selected. Editing may occur pre-operative, intra-operative, or post-operative; may be performed locally or remotely (including telehealth); and may be executed by a surgeon or other authorized user under applicable permissions and workflows.

“Screen” refers to any physical or virtual surface or region on which visual images and/or video are presented to a user, including emissive panels (e.g., LCD, OLED, microLED), reflective or transmissive surfaces (e.g., projection screens, walls, curtains, or light-box viewing surfaces for radiographic films), touchscreens, near-eye microdisplays, and virtual screens in augmented, mixed, or virtual reality environments, and the like. For the avoidance of doubt, content is deemed “displayed on a screen” whether produced by a panel integrated in a device or by a projector illuminating a separate surface. … more “Screen” refers to any physical or virtual surface or region on which visual images and/or video are presented to a user, including emissive panels (e.g., LCD, OLED, microLED), reflective or transmissive surfaces (e.g., projection screens, walls, curtains, or light-box viewing surfaces for radiographic films), touchscreens, near-eye microdisplays, and virtual screens in augmented, mixed, or virtual reality environments, and the like. For the avoidance of doubt, content is deemed “displayed on a screen” whether produced by a panel integrated in a device or by a projector illuminating a separate surface.

“Capturing” refers to acquiring, recording, receiving, ingesting, or otherwise obtaining data—including, without limitation, digital photographs, images, radiographic or fluoroscopic images, video frames or sequences, animations, three-dimensional data, patient information, and the like—for storage, processing, display, export, or transmission. Capturing may be performed by exposing a sensor (e.g., CCD, CMOS, flat-panel X-ray detector, ultrasound probe, depth or time-of-flight sensor, or the like), by scanning or digitizing physical media (e.g., film, prints), by screen capture (screenshot) or photographing a display, by importing/receiving files or streams from local storage, PACS/DICOM systems, or networks, by exporting or downloading files and/or streams from local storage, PACS/DICOM systems, or networks. Capturing may occur under weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing conditions for the object, patient, body part, imaged region, and may be synchronous or asynchronous, real-time or buffered, local or remote, automated, semi-automated, or user-initiated. Capturing may include associated control or acquisition operations such as triggering, exposure control, gating, buffering, demosaicing, format conversion, compression/decompression, high-dynamic-range compositing, burst acquisition, or the like, and may store metadata (e.g., timestamps, orientation, calibration, geolocation, device settings) linked to the captured data. In one embodiment, a single frame extracted from a video or fluoroscopic stream, a screenshot of on-screen imagery, or a photograph of a displayed radiographic image constitutes capturing. In one embodiment, capturing multiple items (e.g., AP and LAT views) within a defined interval may constitute a single acquisition session. … more “Capturing” refers to acquiring, recording, receiving, ingesting, or otherwise obtaining data—including, without limitation, digital photographs, images, radiographic or fluoroscopic images, video frames or sequences, animations, three-dimensional data, patient information, and the like—for storage, processing, display, export, or transmission. Capturing may be performed by exposing a sensor (e.g., CCD, CMOS, flat-panel X-ray detector, ultrasound probe, depth or time-of-flight sensor, or the like), by scanning or digitizing physical media (e.g., film, prints), by screen capture (screenshot) or photographing a display, by importing/receiving files or streams from local storage, PACS/DICOM systems, or networks, by exporting or downloading files and/or streams from local storage, PACS/DICOM systems, or networks. Capturing may occur under weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing conditions for the object, patient, body part, imaged region, and may be synchronous or asynchronous, real-time or buffered, local or remote, automated, semi-automated, or user-initiated. Capturing may include associated control or acquisition operations such as triggering, exposure control, gating, buffering, demosaicing, format conversion, compression/decompression, high-dynamic-range compositing, burst acquisition, or the like, and may store metadata (e.g., timestamps, orientation, calibration, geolocation, device settings) linked to the captured data. In one embodiment, a single frame extracted from a video or fluoroscopic stream, a screenshot of on-screen imagery, or a photograph of a displayed radiographic image constitutes capturing. In one embodiment, capturing multiple items (e.g., AP and LAT views) within a defined interval may constitute a single acquisition session.

“X-Ray Image” refers to any image generated using X-ray radiation, including but not limited to projection radiographs, fluoroscopic images or frames, tomosynthesis images, reconstructed or reformatted views derived from X-ray data, and the like. An X-ray image may depict any projection or view (e.g., anterior–posterior (AP), lateral (LAT), oblique, axial, or the like) and may be acquired as weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing. In one embodiment, a weight-bearing X-ray image is acquired while the patient applies partial or full body weight to the imaged region (including standing, simulated-standing, or externally load-applied configurations). In one embodiment, a non-weight-bearing X-ray image is acquired without applied load to the imaged region. An X-ray image may be digital or analog (film), may be stored, transmitted, or displayed in any format or container (including DICOM, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, or the like), and may include embedded metadata (e.g., timestamps, orientation, calibration data, or the like). An X-ray image may be windowed/leveled, cropped, scaled, resampled, filtered, denoised, compressed, decompressed, annotated, rendered, reformatted, or otherwise transformed without ceasing to be an X-ray image. In one embodiment, an X-ray image may be displayed on a screen, printed, or otherwise reproduced, and depictions captured from such displays or prints (including screenshots, scans, photographs, video frames, or the like) constitute representations of the underlying X-ray image … more “X-Ray Image” refers to any image generated using X-ray radiation, including but not limited to projection radiographs, fluoroscopic images or frames, tomosynthesis images, reconstructed or reformatted views derived from X-ray data, and the like. An X-ray image may depict any projection or view (e.g., anterior–posterior (AP), lateral (LAT), oblique, axial, or the like) and may be acquired as weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing. In one embodiment, a weight-bearing X-ray image is acquired while the patient applies partial or full body weight to the imaged region (including standing, simulated-standing, or externally load-applied configurations). In one embodiment, a non-weight-bearing X-ray image is acquired without applied load to the imaged region. An X-ray image may be digital or analog (film), may be stored, transmitted, or displayed in any format or container (including DICOM, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, or the like), and may include embedded metadata (e.g., timestamps, orientation, calibration data, or the like). An X-ray image may be windowed/leveled, cropped, scaled, resampled, filtered, denoised, compressed, decompressed, annotated, rendered, reformatted, or otherwise transformed without ceasing to be an X-ray image. In one embodiment, an X-ray image may be displayed on a screen, printed, or otherwise reproduced, and depictions captured from such displays or prints (including screenshots, scans, photographs, video frames, or the like) constitute representations of the underlying X-ray image

“Annotation” refers to any information, marking, modification, or graphical element superimposed on, integrated into, or otherwise associated with an image, video frame, video sequence, three-dimensional rendering, or the like. Examples of annotations include, without limitation, indicators, symbols, text, highlights, outlines, lines, segments, planes, points, overlays, predictive markings, or the like. An annotation may serve to identify, highlight, classify, label, or designate an anatomical structure, landmark, axis, plane, region, or characteristic, and may further include quantitative or qualitative information, such as measurements of distances, ratios, angles, areas, volumes, densities, or the like. An annotation may be presented as a line, arrow, curve, circle, polygon, surface, numeric value, descriptive text, color overlay, dynamic indicator, or any combination thereof, and the like, and may function as a static, dynamic, interactive, predictive, or simulated indicator to draw attention to, describe, or characterize features of the underlying data. … more “Annotation” refers to any information, marking, modification, or graphical element superimposed on, integrated into, or otherwise associated with an image, video frame, video sequence, three-dimensional rendering, or the like. Examples of annotations include, without limitation, indicators, symbols, text, highlights, outlines, lines, segments, planes, points, overlays, predictive markings, or the like. An annotation may serve to identify, highlight, classify, label, or designate an anatomical structure, landmark, axis, plane, region, or characteristic, and may further include quantitative or qualitative information, such as measurements of distances, ratios, angles, areas, volumes, densities, or the like. An annotation may be presented as a line, arrow, curve, circle, polygon, surface, numeric value, descriptive text, color overlay, dynamic indicator, or any combination thereof, and the like, and may function as a static, dynamic, interactive, predictive, or simulated indicator to draw attention to, describe, or characterize features of the underlying data.

“Consultation” refers to any clinical encounter between a licensed healthcare professional (e.g., physician, surgeon, podiatrist, dentist, advanced practice provider, therapist, orthotist/prosthetist, or the like) and a patient (and/or caregiver or representative) to evaluate a condition, obtain history, perform or confirm an examination, review available data (including images, measurements, reports, or the like), discuss assessments and potential treatment options (including non-operative, operative, interventional, rehabilitative, pharmacologic, or the like), address questions, and establish or update a plan of care. A consultation may include, without limitation, ordering or reviewing diagnostic tests, capturing or reviewing images, documenting findings, discussing risks/benefits/alternatives, obtaining or preparing elements of informed consent, providing instructions, and scheduling follow-up or procedures. Consultations may occur in person or by telehealth (video or audio), may involve single-clinician or multidisciplinary participation, and may be conducted as a single session or a series of sessions, with preparatory and follow-up communications as appropriate. Typical consultation duration is context-dependent and varies with complexity, acuity, and institutional practice. By way of illustration and without limitation, routine or follow-up consultations may take about 10–30 minutes, while consultations in which a procedure (e.g., surgical or interventional) is discussed, recommended, or prescribed may take about 20–60 minutes or longer, including time for shared decision-making, imaging review, counseling, and consent. In certain cases, consultation time may exceed 60 minutes or be staged across multiple encounters. Durations are approximate and non-limiting. … more “Consultation” refers to any clinical encounter between a licensed healthcare professional (e.g., physician, surgeon, podiatrist, dentist, advanced practice provider, therapist, orthotist/prosthetist, or the like) and a patient (and/or caregiver or representative) to evaluate a condition, obtain history, perform or confirm an examination, review available data (including images, measurements, reports, or the like), discuss assessments and potential treatment options (including non-operative, operative, interventional, rehabilitative, pharmacologic, or the like), address questions, and establish or update a plan of care. A consultation may include, without limitation, ordering or reviewing diagnostic tests, capturing or reviewing images, documenting findings, discussing risks/benefits/alternatives, obtaining or preparing elements of informed consent, providing instructions, and scheduling follow-up or procedures. Consultations may occur in person or by telehealth (video or audio), may involve single-clinician or multidisciplinary participation, and may be conducted as a single session or a series of sessions, with preparatory and follow-up communications as appropriate. Typical consultation duration is context-dependent and varies with complexity, acuity, and institutional practice. By way of illustration and without limitation, routine or follow-up consultations may take about 10–30 minutes, while consultations in which a procedure (e.g., surgical or interventional) is discussed, recommended, or prescribed may take about 20–60 minutes or longer, including time for shared decision-making, imaging review, counseling, and consent. In certain cases, consultation time may exceed 60 minutes or be staged across multiple encounters. Durations are approximate and non-limiting.

“Selection” refers to any user-initiated or programmatically initiated designation of one or more items, controls, regions, text spans, images, annotations, menu options, or the like as the current target(s) for an action in a graphical user interface. Selection may be single, multiple, range-based, toggle/additive/subtractive, persistent or transient, and may apply to list items, buttons, checkboxes, radio buttons, tabs, icons, canvas regions, form fields, sliders, toolbar commands, or the like. A selection may be indicated by visual or state changes such as highlight, focus, check state, pressed/active state, outline, opacity change, badge, or the like, and may be exposed via properties, events, or accessibility semantics (e.g., selected, checked, pressed, or the like). Selection may be effected by any input modality, including but not limited to mouse or trackpad clicks, double-clicks, context-clicks, drags, marquee/rubber-band selection, keyboard focus and shortcut keys, touch taps, long-presses, multi-touch gestures, stylus input, game controllers, remote controls, voice commands, gaze/eye-tracking, switch devices, or the like. Selection may be explicit (user action), implicit (default/preselected), or programmatic (set by the system or an application workflow), may be undone or redone, and may be persisted, synchronized, or transmitted for further processing, execution, or display, and the like. In certain embodiments, “Selection” includes choosing among alternative simulated corrected anatomy images, planned or final correction procedures, or other outputs/options, via any GUI control or input modality, including toggles, radio buttons, checkboxes, lists, menus, thumbnails, keyboard focus, touch, voice, or programmatic selection. … more “Selection” refers to any user-initiated or programmatically initiated designation of one or more items, controls, regions, text spans, images, annotations, menu options, or the like as the current target(s) for an action in a graphical user interface. Selection may be single, multiple, range-based, toggle/additive/subtractive, persistent or transient, and may apply to list items, buttons, checkboxes, radio buttons, tabs, icons, canvas regions, form fields, sliders, toolbar commands, or the like. A selection may be indicated by visual or state changes such as highlight, focus, check state, pressed/active state, outline, opacity change, badge, or the like, and may be exposed via properties, events, or accessibility semantics (e.g., selected, checked, pressed, or the like). Selection may be effected by any input modality, including but not limited to mouse or trackpad clicks, double-clicks, context-clicks, drags, marquee/rubber-band selection, keyboard focus and shortcut keys, touch taps, long-presses, multi-touch gestures, stylus input, game controllers, remote controls, voice commands, gaze/eye-tracking, switch devices, or the like. Selection may be explicit (user action), implicit (default/preselected), or programmatic (set by the system or an application workflow), may be undone or redone, and may be persisted, synchronized, or transmitted for further processing, execution, or display, and the like. In certain embodiments, “Selection” includes choosing among alternative simulated corrected anatomy images, planned or final correction procedures, or other outputs/options, via any GUI control or input modality, including toggles, radio buttons, checkboxes, lists, menus, thumbnails, keyboard focus, touch, voice, or programmatic selection.

“Simulated Corrected Anatomy Image” refers to any image, video frame, video sequence, animation, three-dimensional rendering, or the like that depicts a predicted, hypothetical, or planned post-correction state of an anatomical region associated with a planned correction procedure. Such an image may be generated from pre-correction data (including images, annotated images, anatomic data, or the like) using rigid or non-rigid transformations, morphing, deformable or kinematic models, finite-element or physics-based simulation, statistical or rule-based methods, artificial intelligence or machine-learning models, parametric templates, or the like. A simulated corrected anatomy image may include overlays, annotations, indicators, measurements, or predicted implant or instrument positions; may depict any projection or view (including AP, lateral, oblique, weight-bearing, non-weight-bearing, or the like); and may be displayed, stored, transmitted, or further processed without ceasing to be a simulated corrected anatomy image. Labels such as “first” or “second” simulated corrected anatomy image are identifiers for alternative plans and do not imply any order of operations. … more “Simulated Corrected Anatomy Image” refers to any image, video frame, video sequence, animation, three-dimensional rendering, or the like that depicts a predicted, hypothetical, or planned post-correction state of an anatomical region associated with a planned correction procedure. Such an image may be generated from pre-correction data (including images, annotated images, anatomic data, or the like) using rigid or non-rigid transformations, morphing, deformable or kinematic models, finite-element or physics-based simulation, statistical or rule-based methods, artificial intelligence or machine-learning models, parametric templates, or the like. A simulated corrected anatomy image may include overlays, annotations, indicators, measurements, or predicted implant or instrument positions; may depict any projection or view (including AP, lateral, oblique, weight-bearing, non-weight-bearing, or the like); and may be displayed, stored, transmitted, or further processed without ceasing to be a simulated corrected anatomy image. Labels such as “first” or “second” simulated corrected anatomy image are identifiers for alternative plans and do not imply any order of operations.

“Corrected Anatomy Image” refers to any image, video frame, video sequence, three-dimensional rendering, or the like that depicts an anatomical region after performance of a correction procedure, including intraoperative fluoroscopic frames, post-operative radiographs, clinical photographs, or the like, with or without annotations, overlays, or measurements. … more “Corrected Anatomy Image” refers to any image, video frame, video sequence, three-dimensional rendering, or the like that depicts an anatomical region after performance of a correction procedure, including intraoperative fluoroscopic frames, post-operative radiographs, clinical photographs, or the like, with or without annotations, overlays, or measurements.

“Radiographic Image” or "Radiograph" refers to any image generated using X-ray radiation, including but not limited to projection radiographs, fluoroscopic images or frames, tomosynthesis images, reconstructed or reformatted views derived from X-ray data, and the like. Radiographic images may depict any projection or view (e.g., anterior–posterior, posterior–anterior, lateral, oblique, weight-bearing, non-weight-bearing, or the like) of any anatomical region. A radiographic image may be digital or analog (film), may be stored or transmitted in any format or container (including DICOM, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, or the like), and may include embedded metadata (e.g., timestamps, orientation, calibration data, or the like). A radiographic image may be windowed/leveled, cropped, scaled, resampled, filtered, denoised, compressed, decompressed, annotated, rendered, reformatted, or otherwise transformed without ceasing to be a radiographic image. For the avoidance of doubt, a radiographic image may be displayed on a screen, printed, exported, or otherwise reproduced, and depictions captured from such displays or prints (including screenshots, scans, photographs, video frames, or the like) constitute representations of the underlying radiographic image. … more “Radiographic Image” or "Radiograph" refers to any image generated using X-ray radiation, including but not limited to projection radiographs, fluoroscopic images or frames, tomosynthesis images, reconstructed or reformatted views derived from X-ray data, and the like. Radiographic images may depict any projection or view (e.g., anterior–posterior, posterior–anterior, lateral, oblique, weight-bearing, non-weight-bearing, or the like) of any anatomical region. A radiographic image may be digital or analog (film), may be stored or transmitted in any format or container (including DICOM, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, or the like), and may include embedded metadata (e.g., timestamps, orientation, calibration data, or the like). A radiographic image may be windowed/leveled, cropped, scaled, resampled, filtered, denoised, compressed, decompressed, annotated, rendered, reformatted, or otherwise transformed without ceasing to be a radiographic image. For the avoidance of doubt, a radiographic image may be displayed on a screen, printed, exported, or otherwise reproduced, and depictions captured from such displays or prints (including screenshots, scans, photographs, video frames, or the like) constitute representations of the underlying radiographic image.

“Processing” refers to any operation or series of operations performed on data—including, without limitation, digital photographs, images, radiographic or fluoroscopic images, video frames or sequences, patient information, and the like—to transform, analyze, interpret, generate, derive, enhance, measure, simulate, store, transmit, or otherwise act upon such data, and the like. Processing may include, without limitation: acquiring or receiving data; decoding, parsing, or converting formats (e.g., RAW, JPEG, PNG, HEIF, TIFF, DICOM, or the like); compression or decompression; normalization, calibration, white balance, flat-fielding, shading correction, or gain correction; geometric correction, rectification, undistortion, dewarping, perspective correction, or registration; resampling, resizing, cropping, rotating, or reformatting; denoising, deblurring, sharpening, contrast adjustment, dynamic-range expansion, high-dynamic-range compositing, super-resolution, or enhancement; segmentation, detection, tracking, feature extraction, keypoint or landmark identification, pose or axis estimation, measurement of distances, angles, areas, volumes, ratios, or the like; generation of annotations, overlays, indicators, text, or graphical objects; simulation, prediction, or estimation of anatomy or outcomes (including simulated corrected anatomy, projected alignments, or the like); fusion or compositing of multiple sources; rendering, visualization, or preparation for display or storage; artifact reduction, de-identification, quality assessment, or the like. Processing may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, circuitry, rules-based logic, statistical or signal-processing methods, computer-vision algorithms, and/or one or more artificial intelligence or machine-learning models (including deep learning models, large language models, or the like), executed locally, remotely, or in distributed form; may operate in real time or batch; may be automated, semi-automated, or interactive; and may occur in a single stage or multiple stages, iteratively or in any order, and the like. For the avoidance of doubt, processing does not require every operation listed; any subset or combination of the foregoing, performed in any reasonable order, constitutes processing, including processing of an image of another image (e.g., a photograph of a displayed radiograph), and the like. … more “Processing” refers to any operation or series of operations performed on data—including, without limitation, digital photographs, images, radiographic or fluoroscopic images, video frames or sequences, patient information, and the like—to transform, analyze, interpret, generate, derive, enhance, measure, simulate, store, transmit, or otherwise act upon such data, and the like. Processing may include, without limitation: acquiring or receiving data; decoding, parsing, or converting formats (e.g., RAW, JPEG, PNG, HEIF, TIFF, DICOM, or the like); compression or decompression; normalization, calibration, white balance, flat-fielding, shading correction, or gain correction; geometric correction, rectification, undistortion, dewarping, perspective correction, or registration; resampling, resizing, cropping, rotating, or reformatting; denoising, deblurring, sharpening, contrast adjustment, dynamic-range expansion, high-dynamic-range compositing, super-resolution, or enhancement; segmentation, detection, tracking, feature extraction, keypoint or landmark identification, pose or axis estimation, measurement of distances, angles, areas, volumes, ratios, or the like; generation of annotations, overlays, indicators, text, or graphical objects; simulation, prediction, or estimation of anatomy or outcomes (including simulated corrected anatomy, projected alignments, or the like); fusion or compositing of multiple sources; rendering, visualization, or preparation for display or storage; artifact reduction, de-identification, quality assessment, or the like. Processing may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, circuitry, rules-based logic, statistical or signal-processing methods, computer-vision algorithms, and/or one or more artificial intelligence or machine-learning models (including deep learning models, large language models, or the like), executed locally, remotely, or in distributed form; may operate in real time or batch; may be automated, semi-automated, or interactive; and may occur in a single stage or multiple stages, iteratively or in any order, and the like. For the avoidance of doubt, processing does not require every operation listed; any subset or combination of the foregoing, performed in any reasonable order, constitutes processing, including processing of an image of another image (e.g., a photograph of a displayed radiograph), and the like.

“AP” (anterior–posterior) refers to any projection, view, or representation in which an anatomical region is depicted in an anterior-to-posterior orientation. AP includes images acquired by X-ray with the beam directed generally from an anterior or dorsal aspect toward a posterior or plantar aspect with the detector opposite the source; reconstructed or simulated AP projections/views derived from volumetric or other data; and depictions of AP imagery captured from displays or prints, including photographs, screenshots, video frames, or the like. When used as a modifier with any image term (e.g., image, digital photograph, radiographic image, X-ray image, view, or the like), AP denotes the AP projection, view, or representation including minor variations in beam angle, source-to-detector distance, subject positioning, camera viewpoint, or reconstruction parameters that do not materially alter the AP depiction. In the context of the foot, AP includes dorsoplantar (DP) projections/views and the like. … more “AP” (anterior–posterior) refers to any projection, view, or representation in which an anatomical region is depicted in an anterior-to-posterior orientation. AP includes images acquired by X-ray with the beam directed generally from an anterior or dorsal aspect toward a posterior or plantar aspect with the detector opposite the source; reconstructed or simulated AP projections/views derived from volumetric or other data; and depictions of AP imagery captured from displays or prints, including photographs, screenshots, video frames, or the like. When used as a modifier with any image term (e.g., image, digital photograph, radiographic image, X-ray image, view, or the like), AP denotes the AP projection, view, or representation including minor variations in beam angle, source-to-detector distance, subject positioning, camera viewpoint, or reconstruction parameters that do not materially alter the AP depiction. In the context of the foot, AP includes dorsoplantar (DP) projections/views and the like.

“LAT” (lateral) refers to any projection, view, or representation in which an anatomical region is depicted in profile with a lateral-to-medial or medial-to-lateral orientation. Lateral includes images acquired by X-ray in a lateral projection; reconstructed or simulated lateral projections/views derived from volumetric or other data; and depictions of lateral imagery captured from displays or prints, including photographs, screenshots, video frames, or the like. When used as a modifier with any image term (e.g., image, digital photograph, radiographic image, X-ray image, view, or the like), lateral denotes the lateral projection, view, or representation, including minor variations in rotation, beam angle, subject positioning, camera viewpoint, or reconstruction parameters that do not materially alter the lateral depiction, including “true lateral” and near-lateral views. … more “LAT” (lateral) refers to any projection, view, or representation in which an anatomical region is depicted in profile with a lateral-to-medial or medial-to-lateral orientation. Lateral includes images acquired by X-ray in a lateral projection; reconstructed or simulated lateral projections/views derived from volumetric or other data; and depictions of lateral imagery captured from displays or prints, including photographs, screenshots, video frames, or the like. When used as a modifier with any image term (e.g., image, digital photograph, radiographic image, X-ray image, view, or the like), lateral denotes the lateral projection, view, or representation, including minor variations in rotation, beam angle, subject positioning, camera viewpoint, or reconstruction parameters that do not materially alter the lateral depiction, including “true lateral” and near-lateral views.

“Mobile Device Camera” refers to any image-capture component integrated into, attached to, controlled by, or operably associated with a mobile device, including front-facing or rear-facing cameras, multi-sensor camera arrays, depth sensors, time-of-flight modules, LiDAR, thermal or multispectral sensors, external or peripheral cameras connected via wired or wireless interfaces (e.g., USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth), and the like. A mobile device camera may capture still images or video, may employ computational photography (e.g., HDR, denoising, super-resolution), and may be used to capture imagery of scenes, subjects, documents, displays, or the like. … more “Mobile Device Camera” refers to any image-capture component integrated into, attached to, controlled by, or operably associated with a mobile device, including front-facing or rear-facing cameras, multi-sensor camera arrays, depth sensors, time-of-flight modules, LiDAR, thermal or multispectral sensors, external or peripheral cameras connected via wired or wireless interfaces (e.g., USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth), and the like. A mobile device camera may capture still images or video, may employ computational photography (e.g., HDR, denoising, super-resolution), and may be used to capture imagery of scenes, subjects, documents, displays, or the like.