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Delete 		US-20150012794-A1 Indeed, a module of executable code may be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within modules, and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network. Where a module or portions of a module are implemented in software, the software portions are stored on one or more computer readable storage media. 25 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US-20150012794-A1 Modules may also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors. An identified module of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions which may, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module need not be physically located together, but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module. 24 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US-20150012794-A1 Aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable storage media having computer readable program code embodied thereon. 22 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 In certain embodiments, the graphite 810 may be between 1 thousandths of an inch thick and 40 thousandths of an inch thick. This range is preferred because within this thickness range the graphite 810 remains pliable and durable enough to withstand repeated rolling and unrolling as the cover 800 is unrolled for use and rolled up for storage. 80 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 FIG. 9 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a modular heater cover 900. The cover 900 includes the multilayered cover 200 comprising a top outer layer 302, a bottom outer layer 306, and an insulation layer 304. However, this alternative embodiment includes one or more integrated thin-film electrical heating elements 904. This embodiment additionally includes an electrical connection 902 for connecting the power plug 212 to the electrical heating element 904. Additionally, an electrical connection 906 may be included to connect multiple electrical heating elements 904 within a single cover 800. Additionally, the cover 900 may include power connectors 212, 214, power connections 216, fasteners 206, folding crease 220, and the like. 92 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 In embodiments of the cover 800 that use graphite 810, the negative temperature coefficient of resistance of the graphite 810 will result in the graphite 810 losing resistance as the temperature of the graphite 810 increases. Preferably, the cover 800 is designed such that the two graphite elements 804 do not draw over a maximum current such as about 20 amps. Therefore, the size, width, and length of the graphite 810 are selected such that the combined graphite elements 804 will not draw enough current to activate a 20 amp breaker even when the graphite elements 804 reach the maximum temperature of about ninety-five degrees. 91 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8, the graphite element 804 may efficiently convert energy across a wider surface area than may be available with conventional resistive elements 208. For example, a graphite element configured to draw 6 Amps of current may provide 780 Watts of thermal power evenly across a 23 foot by 12 foot cover surface area. Such a configuration provides sufficient heat energy to maintain a temperature between 50 degrees Fahrenheit, and 90 degrees Fahrenheit, in freezing ambient conditions. Additionally, using such a configuration, it is possible to connect up to three modular thermal covers on a single 120 Volt power source protected by a single 20 Amp circuit. Thus, consistent heat may be provided for between about 300 to about 1000 square feet of surface on a single 20 Amp power source. 90 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 In rush current may be drawn when a cover 800 is initially connected to a power source 100 or when a second cover 800 is coupled to a first cover 800 connected to the power source 100. In embodiments using graphite 810, the in rush current is substantially minimized. Thus, the circuit may be designed to include up to the maximum current draw allowed by the circuit breaker. 89 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 Of course, the material for the resistive element 208 may be conventional materials such as copper, iron, and the like which have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance. Preferably, the resistive element 208 comprises a material having a negative temperature coefficient of resistance such as graphite, germanium, silicon, and the like. In addition to substantially reducing in rush current, the negative temperature coefficient of resistance elements such as graphite 810 also give off more heat once the current has flowed for some period. 88 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 Advantageously, in certain embodiments, the graphite 810 is used in place of conventional metallic resistive elements 208 such as copper. In embodiments designed to use as much current available on a single 210 Volt circuit protected by up to a 20 Amp breaker, the graphite 810 may be preferred over conventional metallic resistive elements 208 due to the difference in the value of the temperature coefficient of resistance for these materials. Conventional metallic resistive elements 208 typically have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, while the graphite 801 has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. The negative temperature coefficient of resistance of graphite 810 reduces power spikes also referred to as “in rush current” drawn when the resistive elements 208 are initially powered. 87 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 In a preferred embodiment, the graphite 810 is about 9 inches wide with a minimal distance in between lengths 816 such as about ¾ of an inch. This configuration provides certain advantages beyond minimizing of cold spots. In addition, the larger width of the graphite 810 minimizes the risk that punctures of the graphite 810 will completely interrupt the electrical path. Therefore, accidental punctures can pass through the graphite 810 and the element 804 continues to operate with minimal negative effects. 86 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 Preferably, the distance 818 is between about ¾ of an inch and about 4 inches wide. Advantageously, this distance range 818 provides for even, consistent heat dissipation across the surface of the cover 800. The smaller the distance 818, the lower the possibility of cold spots in the cover 800. By minimizing cold spots, a consistent and even curing of concrete or thawing of ground can be accomplished. 85 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 In one embodiment, the graphite 810 is laid out on the substrate according to a predetermined pattern 814. Those of skill in the art will recognize that a variety of patterns 814 may be used. Preferably, the pattern 814 is a zigzag pattern that maintains an electrical path and separates lengths 816 of the graphite 810 by a predefined distance 818. Preferably, the distance 818 is selected such that a maximum amount of the resistance heat produced by a length 816 is conducted away from the length by the substrate, insulation layer 304 and the like. In addition, the distance 818 is selected such that heat conducted from one length does not impede conducting of heat from a parallel length. In addition, the distance 818 is not so large that cool or cold spots are created. 84 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 Finally, the remaining layers of insulation 304 and outer cover 306 are laid over the top of the graphite elements 804 in a manner similar to that illustrated in FIG. 3. Next, the perimeter of the cover 800 may be heat welded for form a water tight envelope for the internal layers. In addition, residual air between the outer layers 302, 306 may be extracted from between the outer layers 302, 306 such that heat produced by the cover 800 is more readily conducted toward the bottom cover 306. 83 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 The electrical connection 806 serves as an electrical bridge joining the two graphite elements 804. Preferably, the electrical connection 806 also bridges a crease 220. The crease 220 facilitates folding the cover 800. Preferably, the crease 220 is positioned along the horizontal midpoint. 82 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 The small size and thickness of the graphite 810 minimizes the weight of the graphite element 804. The graphite element 804 is preferably pliable such that a graphite element 804 can be rolled lengthwise without breaking the electrical path through the graphite 810. Advantageously, the graphite element 804 can be manufactured separately and provided for installation into a cover 800 during manufacturing of the covers 800. For example, the graphite element 804 may come with electrical connections 806 and 802 directly from a supplier such as EGC Enterprises Incorp. of Chardon, Ohio. The graphite elements 804 may be laid on top of an outer cover 302. The electrical connections 802 may be made to power connections 212 and one or more electric power couplings 214. One graphite element 804 may be connected to a second graphite element 804 by an electrical connection 806. 81 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 In FIG. 9, the thin-film electrical heating elements 904 may be similar to those in the cover 800 described above in relation to FIG. 8. The components of the cover 900 with 900 level numbers may be similar to 800 level components of the cover 800 in FIG. 8. However, these heating elements 904 may include a different pattern 914. In addition, the thickness, size, length, and orientation of the graphite 910 may also be different. In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the graphite 910 may be about 9 inches wide, 5 thousandths of an inch thick, with a separating distance 918 of about ¾ of an inch. In certain embodiments, the graphite 910 may be between 1 thousandths of an inch thick and 40 thousandths of an inch thick. This range is preferred because within this thickness range the graphite 910 remains pliable and durable enough to withstand repeated rolling and unrolling as the cover 900 is unrolled for use and rolled up for storage. 93 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 Preferably, the graphite element 804 converts electric energy to thermal energy in a substantially consistent manner throughout the graphite element. In such an embodiment, a heat spreading element 210 may be omitted from the thermal cover 800 since the graphite 810 serves the purposes of conveying current, producing heat due to resistance, and evenly distributing the heat. Advantageously, the graphite 810, substrate 812, and protective layer are very thin and light weight. In one embodiment, the combination of graphite 810, substrate 812, and protective layer forming the graphite element 804 may be between about 3 and about 20 thousandths of an inch thick. Preferably, the graphite 810 is between about one inch wide and about 10 inches wide and and between about 1 thousandths of an inch thick and about 40 thousandths of an inch thick. In a more preferred embodiment, the graphite 810 is about 9 inches wide and about five thousandths of an inch thick. 79 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 In one embodiment, the thin-film electrical heating element 804 may comprise a thin layer of graphite 810, deposited on a structural substrate 812. A protective layer (not shown) may be applied to cover the layer of graphite 810. The protective layer may adhere to, or be heat welded to, the substrate. In one embodiment, the graphite may be deposited on plastic, vinyl, rubber, metal foil, or the like. In one embodiment, the graphite element 804 may be integrated with the insulation layer 304. The graphite may be connected to a contact terminal for providing electric energy to the graphite element. 78 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM
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Delete 		US7230213A1 FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of a modular heated cover 800. In one embodiment, the thermal cover 800 includes the multilayered cover 200 comprising a top outer layer 302, a bottom outer layer 306, and an insulation layer 304. However, this alternative embodiment includes one or more integrated thin-film electrical heating elements 804. This embodiment additionally includes an electrical connection 802 for connecting the power plug 212 to the electrical heating element 804. Additionally, an electrical connection 806 may be included to connect multiple electrical heating elements 804 within a single cover 800. Additionally, the cover 800 may include power connectors 212, 214, power connections 216, fasteners 206, folding crease 220, and the like. 77 Added by DJM 2 2021 2/22/21, 12:00 AM

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