Dave's PCF WIP: Paragraphs

Paragraphs

Actions	Application	Content	Paragraph Number	Notes	Modified
		Content		Paragraph Number	Notes	Any Field
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	Improper screw placement and misaligned rods decrease the effectiveness of the spinal fixation and can increase surgical difficulty and time expenditure. Extended surgical procedures and related difficulties or complications are recognized as contributing influences for extended patient recovery and sub-optimal spinal fixation results.	45	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	In recent years, surgeons may place pedicle screws percutaneously through small incisions with reliance on radiographic visualization, not direct visualization. Percutaneously placed pedicle screws can potentially save the patient the significant trauma caused by the traditional open exposure of the spine through the central incision. Unfortunately, without direct visualization, pedicle screw placement is often tedious and inaccurate. Poorly placed pedicle screws can cause pain, early construct failure, or harm to the patient.	44	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	Traditionally, a surgeon inserts pedicle screws through one major central incision, where muscles and other tissues are dissected off of the spine and retracted to the side to facilitate visualization of the deep spinal bones. Under direct visualization, with or without radiological imaging, pedicle screws can be placed into the pedicles of the vertebral bodies, and then rods are typically placed to connect pedicle screws from one bone to those of other bones through the tulip head of a pedicle screw.	43	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	One spinal fixation technique includes using orthopedic contouring rods which run generally parallel to the spine. This technique often involves an invasive surgical procedure to expose the spine and attach pedicle screws to the pedicles of the appropriate vertebrae. The pedicle screws may be configured to receive the orthopedic contouring rod which can be bent to achieve the desired curvature of the spinal column.	42	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	Spinal fusion surgery can be used successfully to address spinal column disorders and to reduce pain and restore nerve function. In spinal fixation, implants can be used for fusing or immobilizing adjacent vertebrae. Spinal fixation can improve the position of the adjacent vertebrae relative to one another and can alter the overall alignment and/or curvature of the spine. Spinal fixation or instrumentation can immobilize the spine internally in order to promote fusion between vertebrae. Fusion is a process which can take up to several months or a year.	41	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	Trauma, abnormal growth, disease, tumors, degeneration, etc. can result in physiological and anatomical disorders in the spinal column and cause deformities such as spondylolisthesis, kyphosis, and scoliosis. These deformities can result in significant pain and diminished nerve function in the diseased spine.	40	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	In human anatomy, the vertebral column (i.e., backbone or spine) is a column typically consisting of bones and tissue, including 33 vertebrae, situated in the dorsal area of the torso. The vertebral column serves to house and protect the spinal cord in a spinal canal.	39	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, "attribute" refers to any property, trait, aspect, quality, data value, setting, or feature of an object or thing.	36	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, "implant" refers to a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure. Medical implants are man-made devices. The surface of implants that contact the body may be made of, or include a biomedical material such as titanium, stainless steel, carbon fiber, another metallic alloy, silicone, polymer, Synthetic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels, biocompatible polymers such as PolyEther Ether Ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others, or apatite, or any combination of these depending on what is the most functional. In some cases implants contain electronics, e.g. artificial pacemaker and cochlear implants. Some implants are bioactive, such as subcutaneous drug delivery devices in the form of implantable pills or drug-eluting stents. Orthopedic implants may be used to alleviate issues with bones and/or joints of a patient's body. Orthopedic implants are used to treat bone fractures, osteoarthritis, scoliosis, spinal stenosis, and chronic pain. Examples of orthopedic implants include, but are not limited to, a wide variety of pins, rods, screws, anchors, and plates used to anchor fractured bones while the bones heal or fuse together. (Search "implant (medicine)" on Wikipedia.com May 26, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 30, 2021.)	35	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	Advancements in medical imaging technology enables a doctor/surgeon to obtain precise information about the location, position, orientation, and relation of internal structures of a patient before a surgical procedure. The medical images facilitate preoperative planning for surgical procedures.	2	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, "preoperative" or "PRE-OP" refers to any activity, method, feature, or aspect performed before a surgical procedure. As used herein, "intraoperative" or "INTRA-OP" refers to any activity, method, feature, or aspect performed during a surgical procedure. As used herein, a "fixation" or “fixation device” refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, step, process, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to connect two structures either permanently or temporarily. The two structures may be one or the other or both of manmade and/or biological tissues, hard tissues such as bones, teeth or the like, soft tissues such as ligament, cartilage, tendon, or the like. In certain embodiments, fixation is used as an adjective to describe a device or component or step in securing two structures such that the structures remain connected to each other in a desired position and/or orientation. Fixation devices can also serve to maintain a desired level of tension, compression, or redistribute load and stresses experienced by the two structures and can serve to reduce relative motion of one part relative to others. Examples of fixation devices are many and include both those for external fixation as well as those for internal fixation and include, but are not limited to pins, wires, Kirschner wires (K-wires), screws, anchors, bone anchors, plates, bone plates, intramedullary nails or rods or pins, implants, interbody cages, fusion cages, and the like.	32	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object. In its primary application of medical imaging, a fluoroscope allows a physician to see the internal structure and function of a patient, so that the pumping action of the heart or the motion of swallowing, for example, can be watched. This is useful for both diagnosis and therapy and occurs in general radiology, interventional radiology, and image-guided surgery. (Search "medical imaging" on Wikipedia.com July 14, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Sept. 1, 2021.) Data analyzed, generated, manipulated, interpolated, collected, stored, reviewed, and/or modified in connection with medical imaging or medical image processing can be referred to herein as medical imaging data or medical image data. Measurement and recording techniques that are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), electrocardiography (ECG), and others, represent other technologies that produce data susceptible to representation as a parameter graph vs. time or maps that contain data about the measurement locations. These technologies may be considered forms of medical imaging in certain disciplines. (Search "medical imaging" on Wikipedia.com June 16, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 23, 2021.)	31	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	As used herein, "medical imaging" refers to a technique and process of imaging the interior or exterior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat disease. Medical imaging may be used to establish a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make possible identification of abnormalities. Medical imaging in its widest sense, is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology, which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, endoscopy, elastography, tactile imaging, thermography, medical photography, nuclear medicine functional imaging techniques as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Another form of X-ray radiography includes computerized tomography (CT) scans in which a computer controls the position of the X-ray sources and detectors. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is another medical imaging technology.	30	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	Posterior means toward the back of a body. Superior or cephalad means toward the head. Inferior or caudal means toward the feet or tail. Medial means toward the midline of a body, particularly toward a plane of bilateral symmetry of the body. Lateral means away from the midline of a body or away from a plane of bilateral symmetry of the body. Axial means toward a central axis of a body. Abaxial means away from a central axis of a body. Ipsilateral means on the same side of the body. Contralateral means on the opposite side of the body. Proximal means toward the trunk of the body. Proximal may also mean toward a user, viewer, or operator. Distal means away from the trunk. Distal may also mean away from a user, viewer, or operator. Dorsal means toward the top of the foot. Plantar means toward the sole of the foot. Antegrade means forward moving from a proximal location/position to a distal location/position or moving in a forward direction. Retrograde means backward moving from a distal location/position to a proximal location/position or moving in a backwards direction. Sagittal refers to a midline of a patient’s anatomy, which divides the body into left or right halves. The sagittal plane may be in the center of the body, splitting it into two halves. Prone means a body of a person lying face down. Supine means a body of a person lying face up.	29	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	Standard medical planes of reference and descriptive terminology are employed in this disclosure. While these terms are commonly used to refer to the human body, certain terms are applicable to physical objects in general. A standard system of three mutually perpendicular reference planes is employed. A sagittal plane divides a body into right and left portions. A coronal plane divides a body into anterior and posterior portions. A transverse plane divides a body into superior and inferior portions. A mid-sagittal, mid-coronal, or mid-transverse plane divides a body into equal portions, which may be bilaterally symmetric. The intersection of the sagittal and coronal planes defines a superior-inferior or cephalad-caudal axis. The intersection of the sagittal and transverse planes defines an anterior-posterior axis. The intersection of the coronal and transverse planes defines a medial-lateral axis. The superior-inferior or cephalad-caudal axis, the anterior-posterior axis, and the medial-lateral axis are mutually perpendicular. Anterior means toward the front of a body.	28	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	It is to be understood that the drawings are for purposes of illustrating the concepts of the disclosure and may or may not be drawn to scale. Furthermore, the drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments and do not represent limitations to the scope of the present disclosure.	27	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	FIGS. 8A-8E illustrate perspective views of different embodiments of a bone probe that can be used with an intraoperative angle measurement apparatus in accordance with different embodiments.	26	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	FIGS. 7A-7E illustrate perspective views of different embodiments of a bone probe that can be used with an intraoperative angle measurement apparatus in accordance with different embodiments.	25	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM
View Edit Delete	TOY-1	FIG. 6B is a perspective cut-away view of an intraoperative angle measurement apparatus in use.	24	Added by DJM 1 2022	1/19/22, 12:00 AM

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