"Closed loop" refers to any system that is controlled, managed, adjusted, and/or configured based on a feedback loop or control loop that provides a value, setting, threshold, and/or input that is provided into the same system. … more "Closed loop" refers to any system that is controlled, managed, adjusted, and/or configured based on a feedback loop or control loop that provides a value, setting, threshold, and/or input that is provided into the same system.

“Tether” refers to any strand or flexible member, natural or synthetic, able to join or connect or couple two structures or components or extend from a single structure or component or device and connect to the same structure or component or device. A single tether may include one or more fasteners that can connect parts of the tether together. Alternatively, a "tether" can be a single flexible line having a first end and second end opposite the first end. “Tether” can refer to a flexible line or flexible member of natural material, including metal, natural biological material, biomaterial, biomimetic materials, manmade material, or a combination of these either in a single tether, a composite tether, or a plurality of tissue tethers that extend in parallel and/or may be woven or bonded together. In certain embodiments, a tether may be long and thin. In certain embodiments, a tether may be planar and/or may be elastic or inelastic (rigid). Examples of a tether include, but are not limited to, a thread, cord, chain, wire, a string, a polymer thread or line, a tendon graft, a ligament graft, a hamstring graft, soft tissue, a tendon, a ligament, a suture, suture tape, a woven tether, a fibrous material, a cord, and/or any of these in combination with each other, and the like. … more “Tether” refers to any strand or flexible member, natural or synthetic, able to join or connect or couple two structures or components or extend from a single structure or component or device and connect to the same structure or component or device. A single tether may include one or more fasteners that can connect parts of the tether together. Alternatively, a "tether" can be a single flexible line having a first end and second end opposite the first end. “Tether” can refer to a flexible line or flexible member of natural material, including metal, natural biological material, biomaterial, biomimetic materials, manmade material, or a combination of these either in a single tether, a composite tether, or a plurality of tissue tethers that extend in parallel and/or may be woven or bonded together. In certain embodiments, a tether may be long and thin. In certain embodiments, a tether may be planar and/or may be elastic or inelastic (rigid). Examples of a tether include, but are not limited to, a thread, cord, chain, wire, a string, a polymer thread or line, a tendon graft, a ligament graft, a hamstring graft, soft tissue, a tendon, a ligament, a suture, suture tape, a woven tether, a fibrous material, a cord, and/or any of these in combination with each other, and the like.

As used herein, "electronic component" refers to any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components may be either passive electronic components or active electronic components. Active electronic components include transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, display components, power sources, voltage sources, current sources, and the like. An active electronic component supplies energy to a circuit. Active components or elements have the ability to electrically control electron flow (i.e. the flow of charge). A passive component or element is an electronic component which can only receive energy, which the electronic component can either dissipate, absorb or store in an electric field or a magnetic field. (Search 'Active And Passive Circuit Elements' on www.electrical4u.com Dec. 20, 2020. Modified. Accessed Oct. 26, 2022.). Passive electronic components include resistors, capacitors, conductors, inductors, transformers, magnetic (inductive) devices, memristors, transducers, sensors, detectors, antennas and the like. Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads. (search "electronic component" on Wikipedia. June 23, 2022. Modified. Accessed Oct. 26, 2022.) … more As used herein, "electronic component" refers to any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components may be either passive electronic components or active electronic components. Active electronic components include transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, display components, power sources, voltage sources, current sources, and the like. An active electronic component supplies energy to a circuit. Active components or elements have the ability to electrically control electron flow (i.e. the flow of charge). A passive component or element is an electronic component which can only receive energy, which the electronic component can either dissipate, absorb or store in an electric field or a magnetic field. (Search 'Active And Passive Circuit Elements' on www.electrical4u.com Dec. 20, 2020. Modified. Accessed Oct. 26, 2022.). Passive electronic components include resistors, capacitors, conductors, inductors, transformers, magnetic (inductive) devices, memristors, transducers, sensors, detectors, antennas and the like. Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads. (search "electronic component" on Wikipedia. June 23, 2022. Modified. Accessed Oct. 26, 2022.)

"Electrical resonance" refers to a condition in an electric circuit. Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a particular resonant frequency when the impedances or admittances of circuit elements cancel each other. In some circuits, this may happen when the impedance between the input and output of the circuit is almost zero and the transfer function is close to one. Resonance of a circuit involving capacitors and inductors occurs because the collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an electric current in its windings that charges the capacitor, and then the discharging capacitor provides an electric current that builds the magnetic field in the inductor. This process is repeated continually. An RLC circuit (or LCR circuit) is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor, connected in series or in parallel. The RLC name is due to those letters being the usual electrical symbols for resistance, inductance and capacitance respectively. The circuit forms a harmonic oscillator for current and resonates similarly to an LC circuit. The main difference stemming from the presence of the resistor is that any oscillation induced in the circuit decays over time if it is not kept going by a source. This effect of the resistor is called damping. The presence of the resistance also reduces the peak resonant frequency of damped oscillation, although the resonant frequency for driven oscillations remains the same as an LC circuit. (search "electrical resonance" on Wikipedia. Feb. 10, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.) … more "Electrical resonance" refers to a condition in an electric circuit. Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a particular resonant frequency when the impedances or admittances of circuit elements cancel each other. In some circuits, this may happen when the impedance between the input and output of the circuit is almost zero and the transfer function is close to one. Resonance of a circuit involving capacitors and inductors occurs because the collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an electric current in its windings that charges the capacitor, and then the discharging capacitor provides an electric current that builds the magnetic field in the inductor. This process is repeated continually. An RLC circuit (or LCR circuit) is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor, connected in series or in parallel. The RLC name is due to those letters being the usual electrical symbols for resistance, inductance and capacitance respectively. The circuit forms a harmonic oscillator for current and resonates similarly to an LC circuit. The main difference stemming from the presence of the resistor is that any oscillation induced in the circuit decays over time if it is not kept going by a source. This effect of the resistor is called damping. The presence of the resistance also reduces the peak resonant frequency of damped oscillation, although the resonant frequency for driven oscillations remains the same as an LC circuit. (search "electrical resonance" on Wikipedia. Feb. 10, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)

"Beamforming" or "spatial filtering" is a signal processing or signal transmission technique used in antennas for directional signal transmission or reception. Beamforming can be achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity. The improvement compared with omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as the directivity of the array. (search "beamforming" on Wikipedia. Oct. 8, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.) … more "Beamforming" or "spatial filtering" is a signal processing or signal transmission technique used in antennas for directional signal transmission or reception. Beamforming can be achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity. The improvement compared with omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as the directivity of the array. (search "beamforming" on Wikipedia. Oct. 8, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)

"Diode" refers to a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); a diode has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other direction. A semiconductor diode is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. (search "diode" on Wikipedia. Oct. 24, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.) … more "Diode" refers to a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); a diode has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other direction. A semiconductor diode is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. (search "diode" on Wikipedia. Oct. 24, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)

"Spatial frequency" or "frequency" is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier transform) of the structure repeat per unit of distance. The SI unit of spatial frequency is cycles per meter (m). (search "spatial frequency" on Wikipedia. Oct. 25, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.) … more "Spatial frequency" or "frequency" is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier transform) of the structure repeat per unit of distance. The SI unit of spatial frequency is cycles per meter (m). (search "spatial frequency" on Wikipedia. Oct. 25, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)

"Resonant frequency" is a characteristic of a system in an applied periodic force. Resonance describes the phenomenon of increased amplitude that occurs when the frequency of an applied periodic force (or a Fourier component of it) is equal or close to a natural frequency of the system on which the applied periodic force acts. When an oscillating force is applied at a resonant frequency of a dynamic system, the system will oscillate at a higher amplitude than when the same force is applied at other, non-resonant frequencies. Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum are also known as resonant frequencies or resonance frequencies of the system. Small periodic forces that are near a resonant frequency of the system have the ability to produce large amplitude oscillations in the system due to the storage of vibrational energy. (search "resonance" on Wikipedia. Oct. 22, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.) … more "Resonant frequency" is a characteristic of a system in an applied periodic force. Resonance describes the phenomenon of increased amplitude that occurs when the frequency of an applied periodic force (or a Fourier component of it) is equal or close to a natural frequency of the system on which the applied periodic force acts. When an oscillating force is applied at a resonant frequency of a dynamic system, the system will oscillate at a higher amplitude than when the same force is applied at other, non-resonant frequencies. Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum are also known as resonant frequencies or resonance frequencies of the system. Small periodic forces that are near a resonant frequency of the system have the ability to produce large amplitude oscillations in the system due to the storage of vibrational energy. (search "resonance" on Wikipedia. Oct. 22, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)

"Wavelength" refers to the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance after which the wave's shape repeats. Wavelength is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase on the wave, such as two adjacent crests, troughs, or zero crossings, and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. The inverse of the wavelength is the spatial frequency. Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ). (search "Wavelength" on Wikipedia. Oct. 14, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.) … more "Wavelength" refers to the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance after which the wave's shape repeats. Wavelength is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase on the wave, such as two adjacent crests, troughs, or zero crossings, and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. The inverse of the wavelength is the spatial frequency. Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ). (search "Wavelength" on Wikipedia. Oct. 14, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)

"Inductor", "coil", "choke", or "reactor" refers to a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through the inductor. An inductor may include an insulated wire wound into a coil. When the current flowing through the coil of the inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.) (voltage) in a conductor of the inductor, described by Faraday's law of induction. According to Lenz's law, the induced voltage has a polarity (direction) which opposes the change in current that created the induced voltage . As a result, inductors oppose any changes in current through them. (search "Inductor" on Wikipedia. Oct. 13, 2022 Modified. Accessed Oct. 28, 2022.) … more "Inductor", "coil", "choke", or "reactor" refers to a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through the inductor. An inductor may include an insulated wire wound into a coil. When the current flowing through the coil of the inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.) (voltage) in a conductor of the inductor, described by Faraday's law of induction. According to Lenz's law, the induced voltage has a polarity (direction) which opposes the change in current that created the induced voltage . As a result, inductors oppose any changes in current through them. (search "Inductor" on Wikipedia. Oct. 13, 2022 Modified. Accessed Oct. 28, 2022.)

"Rectifier" refers to an electrical device that converts electromagnetic waves, radio waves, and/or alternating current (AC), which can periodically reverse direction, to direct current (DC) or voltage, which flows in only one direction. The reverse operation is performed by an inverter. This process of converting alternating waves or alternating current is known as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction of current. Physically, rectifiers can take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, wet chemical cells, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates, semiconductor diodes, diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. Detectors of radio signals can serve as rectifiers. Depending on the type of alternating current supply and the arrangement of the rectifier circuit, the output voltage may require additional smoothing to produce a uniform steady voltage. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio, television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC voltage (as would be produced by a battery). In these applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter, which may be a capacitor, choke, or set of capacitors, chokes and resistors, possibly followed by a voltage regulator to produce a steady voltage. (search "Rectifier" on Wikipedia. Oct. 13, 2022 Modified. Accessed Oct. 28, 2022.) … more "Rectifier" refers to an electrical device that converts electromagnetic waves, radio waves, and/or alternating current (AC), which can periodically reverse direction, to direct current (DC) or voltage, which flows in only one direction. The reverse operation is performed by an inverter. This process of converting alternating waves or alternating current is known as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction of current. Physically, rectifiers can take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, wet chemical cells, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates, semiconductor diodes, diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. Detectors of radio signals can serve as rectifiers. Depending on the type of alternating current supply and the arrangement of the rectifier circuit, the output voltage may require additional smoothing to produce a uniform steady voltage. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio, television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC voltage (as would be produced by a battery). In these applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter, which may be a capacitor, choke, or set of capacitors, chokes and resistors, possibly followed by a voltage regulator to produce a steady voltage. (search "Rectifier" on Wikipedia. Oct. 13, 2022 Modified. Accessed Oct. 28, 2022.)

"Antenna" refers to an interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to an antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio wave in order to produce an electric current at the antenna's terminals, that can be applied to a receiver to be amplified. An antenna is also an array of conductors (elements), electrically connected to a receiver and/or transmitter. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all horizontal directions equally (omnidirectional antennas), or in a particular direction (directional, or high-gain, or “beam” antennas). An antenna may include components not connected to the transmitter such as parabolic reflectors, horns, parasitic elements, or the like, which serve to direct the radio waves into a beam or other desired radiation pattern. (search "Antenna" on Wikipedia. Oct. 24, 2022 Modified. Accessed Oct. 28, 2022.) … more "Antenna" refers to an interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to an antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio wave in order to produce an electric current at the antenna's terminals, that can be applied to a receiver to be amplified. An antenna is also an array of conductors (elements), electrically connected to a receiver and/or transmitter. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all horizontal directions equally (omnidirectional antennas), or in a particular direction (directional, or high-gain, or “beam” antennas). An antenna may include components not connected to the transmitter such as parabolic reflectors, horns, parasitic elements, or the like, which serve to direct the radio waves into a beam or other desired radiation pattern. (search "Antenna" on Wikipedia. Oct. 24, 2022 Modified. Accessed Oct. 28, 2022.)

"Control signal" refers to an electrical signal (wired or wireless) designed, engineered, and/or provided to control, manage, direct, instruct, or monitor another component, device, circuit, apparatus, system, and/or assembly. … more "Control signal" refers to an electrical signal (wired or wireless) designed, engineered, and/or provided to control, manage, direct, instruct, or monitor another component, device, circuit, apparatus, system, and/or assembly.

"Pulse wave" or "pulse train" refers to a type of non-sinusoidal waveform that includes square waves and similarly periodic but asymmetrical waves. (Search “pulse wave” on Wikipedia.com July 1, 2022. Modified. Accessed Sept. 2, 2022.) … more "Pulse wave" or "pulse train" refers to a type of non-sinusoidal waveform that includes square waves and similarly periodic but asymmetrical waves. (Search “pulse wave” on Wikipedia.com July 1, 2022. Modified. Accessed Sept. 2, 2022.)

"Open loop" refers to any system that is controlled, managed, adjusted, and/or configured based on a feedback loop that does not provide a value, setting, threshold, and/or input that is provided into the same system. … more "Open loop" refers to any system that is controlled, managed, adjusted, and/or configured based on a feedback loop that does not provide a value, setting, threshold, and/or input that is provided into the same system.

"Output low level" refers to a voltage level of an output node of a circuit. In certain embodiments, an output low level refers to a logic low level, also referred to as an off state or logic zero. … more "Output low level" refers to a voltage level of an output node of a circuit. In certain embodiments, an output low level refers to a logic low level, also referred to as an off state or logic zero.

"Output high level" refers to a voltage level of an output node of a circuit. In certain embodiments, an output high level refers to a logic high level, also referred to as an on state or logic one. … more "Output high level" refers to a voltage level of an output node of a circuit. In certain embodiments, an output high level refers to a logic high level, also referred to as an on state or logic one.

"Totem-pole circuit" refers to any circuit, sub-circuit, component, or the like that includes a pair of transistors coupled to each other and a tristate input component, such that activating the tristate input component in a first state activates a first transistor of the pair of transistors and deactivates a second transistor of the pair of transistors and results in a low voltage output level for the totem-pole circuit, activating the tristate input component in a second state deactivates the first transistor and activates the second transistor and results in a high voltage output level for the totem-pole circuit, and activating the tristate input component in a third state neither activates or deactivates the first transistor or the second transistor and results in a floating output ("high impedance") level for the totem-pole circuit. In one example, a totem-pole circuit may be a high voltage tristate output circuit. … more "Totem-pole circuit" refers to any circuit, sub-circuit, component, or the like that includes a pair of transistors coupled to each other and a tristate input component, such that activating the tristate input component in a first state activates a first transistor of the pair of transistors and deactivates a second transistor of the pair of transistors and results in a low voltage output level for the totem-pole circuit, activating the tristate input component in a second state deactivates the first transistor and activates the second transistor and results in a high voltage output level for the totem-pole circuit, and activating the tristate input component in a third state neither activates or deactivates the first transistor or the second transistor and results in a floating output ("high impedance") level for the totem-pole circuit. In one example, a totem-pole circuit may be a high voltage tristate output circuit.

"Boost circuit" refers to any circuit, sub-circuit, component, or the like that converts an input voltage or starting voltage into a higher output voltage. In one example, a boost circuit may convert a low voltage such as about 5.5 volts to a high voltage such as 10 volts or more. … more "Boost circuit" refers to any circuit, sub-circuit, component, or the like that converts an input voltage or starting voltage into a higher output voltage. In one example, a boost circuit may convert a low voltage such as about 5.5 volts to a high voltage such as 10 volts or more.

"Charge collector" refers to any device that collects or can collect charge, including a battery, a capacitor, an inductor, or the like. … more "Charge collector" refers to any device that collects or can collect charge, including a battery, a capacitor, an inductor, or the like.