"Thread" or "threads" refers to a helical structure used to convert between rotational and linear movement or force. A thread is a ridge wrapped around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the ridge wrapped around the cylinder being called a straight thread and the ridge wrapped around the cone called a tapered thread. Straight threads or tapered threads are examples of external threads, also referred to as male threads. Threads that a correspond to male threads are referred to as female threads and are formed within the inside wall of a matching hole, passage, or opening of a nut or substrate or other structure. A thread used with a fastener may be referred to as a screw thread and can be an important feature of a simple machine and also as a threaded fastener. The mechanical advantage of a threaded fastener depends on its lead, which is the linear distance the threaded fastener travels in one revolution. (Search 'screw thread' on Wikipedia.com July 17, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.) … more "Thread" or "threads" refers to a helical structure used to convert between rotational and linear movement or force. A thread is a ridge wrapped around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the ridge wrapped around the cylinder being called a straight thread and the ridge wrapped around the cone called a tapered thread. Straight threads or tapered threads are examples of external threads, also referred to as male threads. Threads that a correspond to male threads are referred to as female threads and are formed within the inside wall of a matching hole, passage, or opening of a nut or substrate or other structure. A thread used with a fastener may be referred to as a screw thread and can be an important feature of a simple machine and also as a threaded fastener. The mechanical advantage of a threaded fastener depends on its lead, which is the linear distance the threaded fastener travels in one revolution. (Search 'screw thread' on Wikipedia.com July 17, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.)

"Point" refers to a mechanical device, apparatus, member, component, system, assembly, or structure having a larger diameter on one end than the diameter on the opposite end. In certain embodiments, a point has a proximal end connected or coupled to a base, shaft, and/or body and a distal end that is free. A point may have a variety of cross-sectional shapes including round, circular, square, oval, rectangular, and the like. In certain embodiments, a point may progressively taper from a larger diameter on one end to a small sharp end on an opposite end. Alternatively, a free end of a point may have a flat or angled end instead of a sharp tip. … more "Point" refers to a mechanical device, apparatus, member, component, system, assembly, or structure having a larger diameter on one end than the diameter on the opposite end. In certain embodiments, a point has a proximal end connected or coupled to a base, shaft, and/or body and a distal end that is free. A point may have a variety of cross-sectional shapes including round, circular, square, oval, rectangular, and the like. In certain embodiments, a point may progressively taper from a larger diameter on one end to a small sharp end on an opposite end. Alternatively, a free end of a point may have a flat or angled end instead of a sharp tip.

"Femur", "femurs", "femora", or "thigh bone" refers to a long bone in the body of a patient (e.g., human or animal). The femur is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia (shinbone) and patella (kneecap), forming the knee joint. By most measures the two (left and right) femurs are the strongest bones of the body, and in humans, the largest and thickest. The femur is categorized as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis (shaft or body) and two epiphyses (extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee. The femur includes an upper part (proximal part), body, and a lower part (distal part). The upper part includes the head, neck, the two trochanters and adjacent structures. The body of the femur (or shaft) is large, thick and almost cylindrical in form. The lower part or lower extremity of the femur (or distal extremity) is the thickest femoral extremity, the upper extremity (upper part) is the shortest femoral extremity. The lower part is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior (front to back). The lower part includes two oblong eminences known as the condyles. (Search 'femur' on Wikipedia.com May 20, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.) … more "Femur", "femurs", "femora", or "thigh bone" refers to a long bone in the body of a patient (e.g., human or animal). The femur is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia (shinbone) and patella (kneecap), forming the knee joint. By most measures the two (left and right) femurs are the strongest bones of the body, and in humans, the largest and thickest. The femur is categorized as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis (shaft or body) and two epiphyses (extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee. The femur includes an upper part (proximal part), body, and a lower part (distal part). The upper part includes the head, neck, the two trochanters and adjacent structures. The body of the femur (or shaft) is large, thick and almost cylindrical in form. The lower part or lower extremity of the femur (or distal extremity) is the thickest femoral extremity, the upper extremity (upper part) is the shortest femoral extremity. The lower part is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior (front to back). The lower part includes two oblong eminences known as the condyles. (Search 'femur' on Wikipedia.com May 20, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.)

"Composition" refers to a compound artificial substance or material. Generally, a composition is a man-made material that is a composite of more than one material and/or element. Typically, a composition is a single structure or object that includes the several parts and/or elements. (Search "composition" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified Accessed 4 Aug. 2022.) … more "Composition" refers to a compound artificial substance or material. Generally, a composition is a man-made material that is a composite of more than one material and/or element. Typically, a composition is a single structure or object that includes the several parts and/or elements. (Search "composition" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified Accessed 4 Aug. 2022.)

"Composite" refers to an object or structure made up of several parts and/or elements. Typically, a composite is a single structure or object that includes the several parts and/or elements. (Search "composite" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified Accessed 4 Aug. 2022.) … more "Composite" refers to an object or structure made up of several parts and/or elements. Typically, a composite is a single structure or object that includes the several parts and/or elements. (Search "composite" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified Accessed 4 Aug. 2022.)

"S shape" refers to any mechanical device, apparatus, body, base, protrusion, member, component, system, assembly, or structure having a shape that resembles or mimics or conforms to or matches one or more attributes of a letter "S". In certain embodiments, ends of a structure that has an S shape may bend back and over a center of the S shape. In other embodiments, ends of a structure that has an S shape may extend from a center of the S shape and may include one or more bends and/or one or more curves, but the ends may not necessarily bend back and over a center of the S shape. Said another way, a structure may have an S shape and the bend sections of the S shape, (e.g., in a letter S) may not double back on themselves. … more "S shape" refers to any mechanical device, apparatus, body, base, protrusion, member, component, system, assembly, or structure having a shape that resembles or mimics or conforms to or matches one or more attributes of a letter "S". In certain embodiments, ends of a structure that has an S shape may bend back and over a center of the S shape. In other embodiments, ends of a structure that has an S shape may extend from a center of the S shape and may include one or more bends and/or one or more curves, but the ends may not necessarily bend back and over a center of the S shape. Said another way, a structure may have an S shape and the bend sections of the S shape, (e.g., in a letter S) may not double back on themselves.

"Insufficent" refers to an amount of any quantity, attribute, aspect, characteristic, feature, function, and/or functionality that fails to meet a need, purpose, objective, metric, and/or goal. Insufficient is generally the opposite of sufficient. (Search "sufficent" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified Accessed 4 Aug. 2022.) … more "Insufficent" refers to an amount of any quantity, attribute, aspect, characteristic, feature, function, and/or functionality that fails to meet a need, purpose, objective, metric, and/or goal. Insufficient is generally the opposite of sufficient. (Search "sufficent" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified Accessed 4 Aug. 2022.)

"Interference" refers to an action by an object, person, animal, plant, or structure that impedes, blocks, interrupts, stops, and/or prevents the operation, movement, function, and/or deployment of another object, person, animal, plant, or structure. … more "Interference" refers to an action by an object, person, animal, plant, or structure that impedes, blocks, interrupts, stops, and/or prevents the operation, movement, function, and/or deployment of another object, person, animal, plant, or structure.

"Intramedullary nail" refers to a fastener designed, configured, engineered, and/or adapted to be deployed within an intramedullary cavity or canal of a patient. An intramedullary nail can be rigid or flexible, modular, a single unitary piece, part of a system, and/or part of an assembly. An intramedullary nail may be formed of any biocompatible materials, including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others. … more "Intramedullary nail" refers to a fastener designed, configured, engineered, and/or adapted to be deployed within an intramedullary cavity or canal of a patient. An intramedullary nail can be rigid or flexible, modular, a single unitary piece, part of a system, and/or part of an assembly. An intramedullary nail may be formed of any biocompatible materials, including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others.

"Epicondyle" refers to a rounded eminence on a bone that lies upon a condyle. Examples of epicondyles in humans include, but are not limited to, medial epicondyle of the femur, lateral epicondyle of the femur, medial epicondyle of the humerus, and lateral epicondyle of the humerus. (Search 'epicondyle' on Wikipedia.com Nov 27, 2018. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.) … more "Epicondyle" refers to a rounded eminence on a bone that lies upon a condyle. Examples of epicondyles in humans include, but are not limited to, medial epicondyle of the femur, lateral epicondyle of the femur, medial epicondyle of the humerus, and lateral epicondyle of the humerus. (Search 'epicondyle' on Wikipedia.com Nov 27, 2018. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.)

"Epiphyses" refers to the rounded end of a long bone, at long bone's joint with adjacent bone(s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as subchondral bone. (Search 'epiphysis' on Wikipedia.com 17 June 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.) "Metaphysis" refers to the neck portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. The metaphysis contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood, and as the metaphysis grows the metaphysis ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses. (Search 'metaphysis' on Wikipedia.com 17 June 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.) "Diaphysis" refers to the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. The diaphysis is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat). The diaphysis is a middle tubular part composed of compact bone which surrounds a central marrow cavity which contains red or yellow marrow. In diaphysis, primary ossification occurs. (Search 'diaphysis' on Wikipedia.com 17 June 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.) … more "Epiphyses" refers to the rounded end of a long bone, at long bone's joint with adjacent bone(s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as subchondral bone. (Search 'epiphysis' on Wikipedia.com 17 June 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.) "Metaphysis" refers to the neck portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. The metaphysis contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood, and as the metaphysis grows the metaphysis ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses. (Search 'metaphysis' on Wikipedia.com 17 June 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.) "Diaphysis" refers to the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. The diaphysis is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat). The diaphysis is a middle tubular part composed of compact bone which surrounds a central marrow cavity which contains red or yellow marrow. In diaphysis, primary ossification occurs. (Search 'diaphysis' on Wikipedia.com 17 June 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.)

"Extensive property" refers to a physical property of a material, structure, object, and/or system. physical properties of materials and systems can be categorized as being either intensive or extensive, according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of the system changes. According to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), an intensive quantity is one whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system, whereas an extensive quantity is one whose magnitude is additive for subsystems. An intensive property does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system. An intensive property is not necessarily homogeneously distributed in space; an intensive property can vary from place to place in a body of matter and radiation. Examples of intensive properties include temperature, T; refractive index, n; density, ρ; and hardness of an object, η. By contrast, extensive properties such as the mass, volume and entropy of systems are additive for subsystems. An intensive property is a physical quantity whose value does not depend on the amount of substance which was measured. An extensive property is a physical quantity whose value is proportional to the size of the system it describes, to the quantity of matter in the system, and/or that is dependent on the material and its shape and boundary conditions. For example, the mass of a sample is an extensive quantity; it depends on the amount of substance. The related intensive quantity is the density which is independent of the amount. (Search "intensive and extensive properties" and "stiffness" on Wikipedia.com July 24, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Accessed July 26, 2022. Modified.) … more "Extensive property" refers to a physical property of a material, structure, object, and/or system. physical properties of materials and systems can be categorized as being either intensive or extensive, according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of the system changes. According to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), an intensive quantity is one whose magnitude is independent of the size of the system, whereas an extensive quantity is one whose magnitude is additive for subsystems. An intensive property does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system. An intensive property is not necessarily homogeneously distributed in space; an intensive property can vary from place to place in a body of matter and radiation. Examples of intensive properties include temperature, T; refractive index, n; density, ρ; and hardness of an object, η. By contrast, extensive properties such as the mass, volume and entropy of systems are additive for subsystems. An intensive property is a physical quantity whose value does not depend on the amount of substance which was measured. An extensive property is a physical quantity whose value is proportional to the size of the system it describes, to the quantity of matter in the system, and/or that is dependent on the material and its shape and boundary conditions. For example, the mass of a sample is an extensive quantity; it depends on the amount of substance. The related intensive quantity is the density which is independent of the amount. (Search "intensive and extensive properties" and "stiffness" on Wikipedia.com July 24, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Accessed July 26, 2022. Modified.)

As used herein, "property" refers to any attribute, characteristic, trait, element, aspect, quality, data value, setting, or feature of an object or thing. … more As used herein, "property" refers to any attribute, characteristic, trait, element, aspect, quality, data value, setting, or feature of an object or thing.

"Stress shielding" refers to the reduction in bone density (osteopenia) as a result of removal of typical stress from the bone by an implant (for instance, the femoral component of a hip prosthesis). (Search "stress shielding" on Wikipedia.com March 6, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Accessed July 26, 2022.) … more "Stress shielding" refers to the reduction in bone density (osteopenia) as a result of removal of typical stress from the bone by an implant (for instance, the femoral component of a hip prosthesis). (Search "stress shielding" on Wikipedia.com March 6, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Accessed July 26, 2022.)

"Nonunion" refers to a condition of a bone fracture in which the has not healed or shown radiographical signs of healing progression since a minimum of nine months have elapsed since the injury, i.e., no change in the fracture callus, for the final three months (i.e., six months to be considered a nonunion plus three additional months to verify that the nonunion is established). (Food and Drug Administration. "Guidance Document for Industry and CDRH Staff for the Preparation of Investigational Device Exemptions and Premarket Approval Applications for Bone Growth Stimulator Devices." United Stated: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (1998). Modified.) … more "Nonunion" refers to a condition of a bone fracture in which the has not healed or shown radiographical signs of healing progression since a minimum of nine months have elapsed since the injury, i.e., no change in the fracture callus, for the final three months (i.e., six months to be considered a nonunion plus three additional months to verify that the nonunion is established). (Food and Drug Administration. "Guidance Document for Industry and CDRH Staff for the Preparation of Investigational Device Exemptions and Premarket Approval Applications for Bone Growth Stimulator Devices." United Stated: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (1998). Modified.)

As used herein, “notch” refers to a depression in a bone which often, provides stabilization to an adjacent articulating bone. Examples of a notch, include but are not limited to, trochlear notch on the ulna; radial notch of the ulna; suprasternal notch; mandibular notch, and femoral notch on distal end of a femur . (Hartline, Rosanna, "7.6: Bone Markings", shared under a CC-BY-NC-SA license. Modified. Accessed July 26, 2022 on this website https://bio.libretexts.org/) … more As used herein, “notch” refers to a depression in a bone which often, provides stabilization to an adjacent articulating bone. Examples of a notch, include but are not limited to, trochlear notch on the ulna; radial notch of the ulna; suprasternal notch; mandibular notch, and femoral notch on distal end of a femur . (Hartline, Rosanna, "7.6: Bone Markings", shared under a CC-BY-NC-SA license. Modified. Accessed July 26, 2022 on this website https://bio.libretexts.org/)

As used herein, an "extender" or "extension" refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to extend or continue providing one or more features, functions, attributes, characteristics, and/or advantages of a first structure associated with the extender. An extender can include a coupling, connector, or connection feature that enables the extender to connect to, communicate with, or interact with the first structure. An extender or extension may be made from a variety of materials including, but not limited to, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic, carbon, biocompatible materials, biodegradable materials or the like. An "extender" or "extension" may be formed of any biocompatible materials, including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others, or any combination of these materials. … more As used herein, an "extender" or "extension" refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to extend or continue providing one or more features, functions, attributes, characteristics, and/or advantages of a first structure associated with the extender. An extender can include a coupling, connector, or connection feature that enables the extender to connect to, communicate with, or interact with the first structure. An extender or extension may be made from a variety of materials including, but not limited to, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic, carbon, biocompatible materials, biodegradable materials or the like. An "extender" or "extension" may be formed of any biocompatible materials, including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others, or any combination of these materials.

As used herein, “tab” refers to structure that extends or projects from another larger structure. A tab can be short and wide or long and thin. Typically, a tab is rigid and can include a degree of flexibility. Examples of a tab include a small flap or loop by which something may be grasped or pulled, a long thin projection that extends in one direction, a projection from a card or sheet, or the like. In certain embodiments, a tab can be an appendage or extension to another structure. (search "tab" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 27 July 2021. Modified.) … more As used herein, “tab” refers to structure that extends or projects from another larger structure. A tab can be short and wide or long and thin. Typically, a tab is rigid and can include a degree of flexibility. Examples of a tab include a small flap or loop by which something may be grasped or pulled, a long thin projection that extends in one direction, a projection from a card or sheet, or the like. In certain embodiments, a tab can be an appendage or extension to another structure. (search "tab" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 27 July 2021. Modified.)

As used herein, “adapter” refers to a device, component, system, assembly, or structure, that is organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to convert or convey attributes, features, or functions of one device, component, or structure, for use with an otherwise incompatible device, component, system, assembly, or structure. (Search "adapter" on Wikipedia.com May 13, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed July 27, 2021.) An adapter may include one or more modifiers that identify one or more particular functions, attributes, advantages, uses, purposes, or operations and/or particular structures relating to the adapter. Examples of such modifiers applied to a feature, include, but are not limited to, "offset adapter," "accessibility adapter," "accommodation adapter," "detour adapter," "routing adapter," "rerouting adapter," and the like. … more As used herein, “adapter” refers to a device, component, system, assembly, or structure, that is organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to convert or convey attributes, features, or functions of one device, component, or structure, for use with an otherwise incompatible device, component, system, assembly, or structure. (Search "adapter" on Wikipedia.com May 13, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed July 27, 2021.) An adapter may include one or more modifiers that identify one or more particular functions, attributes, advantages, uses, purposes, or operations and/or particular structures relating to the adapter. Examples of such modifiers applied to a feature, include, but are not limited to, "offset adapter," "accessibility adapter," "accommodation adapter," "detour adapter," "routing adapter," "rerouting adapter," and the like.

As used herein, “periprosthetic” refers to a structure positioned in close relation to an implant. Periprosthetic can also be used as an adjective to describe a type of bone fracture. For example, a periprosthetic fracture is a fracture near or around an implant of prosthetic. (Search "periprosthetic" on Wikipedia.com Sept. 20, 2020. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed July 26, 2021.) … more As used herein, “periprosthetic” refers to a structure positioned in close relation to an implant. Periprosthetic can also be used as an adjective to describe a type of bone fracture. For example, a periprosthetic fracture is a fracture near or around an implant of prosthetic. (Search "periprosthetic" on Wikipedia.com Sept. 20, 2020. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed July 26, 2021.)