Dave's PCF WIP: Paragraphs

Paragraphs

Actions	Application	Content	Paragraph Number	Notes	Modified
		Content		Paragraph Number	Notes	Any Field
View Edit Delete	PER-12	Figure 6D illustrates the cutting guide 600 from a view facing the medial side 616. Figure 6E illustrates the cutting guide 600 from a view facing the lateral side 618. In certain embodiments, the cutting guide 600 may include one or more features that facilitate use of the cutting guide 600 while avoiding certain soft tissue in the vicinity of a joint. For example, the medial side 616 may include a medial superior surface 632 and a medial inferior surface 634 that meet at a medial edge 636. Advantageously, the medial inferior surface 634 may extend from inferior side 622 to the medial edge 636 at an angle such that the medial inferior surface 634 does not impinge soft tissue near the joint (e.g., near a medial end of the joint). In certain embodiments, the angle may range between about 80 and 170 degrees. In another example, the lateral side 618 may include a lateral superior surface 642 and a lateral inferior surface 644 that meet at a lateral edge 646 (See Figure 6E). Of course, the medial superior surface 632 may extend from the superior side 620 to the medial edge 636 at an angle. The angle of the medial superior surface 632 may enable use of the cutting guide 600 in tighter openings and thus minimize the size of incisions used for a procedure.	139	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	Advantageously, the lateral inferior surface 644 may extend from inferior side 622 to the lateral edge 646 at an angle such that the lateral inferior surface 644 does not impinge soft tissue near the joint (e.g., near a medial end of the joint). In certain embodiments, the angle may range between about 80 and 170 degrees. Of course, the lateral superior surface 642 may extend from the superior side 620 to the lateral edge 646 at an angle. The angle of the lateral superior surface 642 may enable use of the cutting guide 600 in tighter openings and thus minimize the size of incisions used for a procedure.	140	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	Image registration is a process of correctly aligning images; Shape-Based Segmentation: Many methods parametrize a template shape for a given structure, often relying on control points along the boundary. The entire shape is then deformed to match a new image. Two of the most common shape-based techniques are Active Shape Models and Active Appearance Models; Image-Based Segmentation: Some methods initiate a template and refine its shape according to the image data while minimizing integral error measures, like the Active contour model and its variations; Interactive Segmentation: Interactive methods are useful when clinicians can provide some information, such as a seed region or rough outline of the region to segment. An algorithm can then iteratively refine such a segmentation, with or without guidance from the clinician. Manual segmentation, using tools such as a paint brush to explicitly define the tissue class of each pixel, remains the gold standard for many imaging applications. Recently, principles from feedback control theory have been incorporated into segmentation, which give the user much greater flexibility and allow for the automatic correction of errors; Subjective surface Segmentation: This method is based on the idea of evolution of segmentation function which is governed by an advection-diffusion model. To segment an object, a segmentation seed is needed (that is the starting point that determines the approximate position of the object in the image). Consequently, an initial segmentation function is constructed. With the subjective surface method, the position of the seed is the main factor determining the form of this segmentation function; and Hybrid segmentation which is based on combination of methods. (Search "medical image computing" on Wikipedia.com June 24, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 24, 2021.)	33	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	As used herein, "medical imaging" refers to a technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat disease. Medical imaging may be used to establish a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make possible identification of abnormalities. Medical imaging in its widest sense, is part of biological imaging and incorporates radiology, which uses the imaging technologies of X-ray radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, endoscopy, elastography, tactile imaging, thermography, medical photography, nuclear medicine functional imaging techniques as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Another form of X-ray radiography includes computerized tomography (CT) scans in which a computer controls the position of the X-ray sources and detectors. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is another medical imaging technology. Measurement and recording techniques that are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), electrocardiography (ECG), and others, represent other technologies that produce data susceptible to representation as a parameter graph vs. time or maps that contain data about the measurement locations. These technologies may be considered forms of medical imaging in certain disciplines. (Search "medical imaging" on Wikipedia.com June 16, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 23, 2021.) Data, including images, text, and other data associated with medical imaging is referred to as patient imaging data. As used herein, "patient imaging data" refers to data identified, used, collected, gathered, and/or generated in connection with medical imaging and/or medical imaging data. Patient imaging data can be shared between users, systems, patients, and professionals using a common data format referred to as Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data. DICOM data is a standard format for storing, viewing, retrieving, and sharing medical images.	34	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	As used herein, "medical image computing" or "medical image processing" refers to systems, software, hardware, components, and/or apparatus that involve and combine the fields of computer science, information engineering, electrical engineering, physics, mathematics and medicine. Medical image computing develops computational and mathematical methods for working with medical images and their use for biomedical research and clinical care. One goal for medical image computing is to extract clinically relevant information or knowledge from medical images. While closely related to the field of medical imaging, medical image computing focuses on the computational analysis of the images, not their acquisition. The methods can be grouped into several broad categories: image segmentation, image registration, image-based physiological modeling, and others. (Search "medical image computing" on Wikipedia.com June 24, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 24, 2021.) Medical image computing may include one or more processors or controllers on one or more computing devices. Such processors or controllers may be referred to herein as medical image processors. Medical imaging and medical image computing together can provide systems and methods to image, quantify and fuse both structural and functional information about a patient in vivo. These two technologies include the transformation of computational models to represent specific subjects/patients, thus paving the way for personalized computational models. Individualization of generic computational models through imaging can be realized in three complementary directions: definition of the subject-specific computational domain (anatomy) and related subdomains (tissue types); definition of boundary and initial conditions from (dynamic and/or functional) imaging; and characterization of structural and functional tissue properties. Medical imaging and medical image computing enable in the translation of models to the clinical setting with both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. (Id.) In certain embodiments, medical image computing can be used to generate a bone model, a patient specific model, and/or a patent specific instrument from medical imaging and/or medical imaging data.	35	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	As used herein, "model" refers to an informative representation of an object, person or system. Representational models can be broadly divided into the concrete (e.g. physical form) and the abstract (e.g. behavioral patterns, especially as expressed in mathematical form). In abstract form, certain models may be based on data used in a computer system or software program to represent the model. Such models can be referred to as computer models. Computer models can be used to display the model, modify the model, print the model (either on a 2D medium or using a 3D printer or additive manufacturing technology). Computer models can also be used in environments with models of other objects, people, or systems. Computer models can also be used to generate simulations, display in virtual environment systems, display in augmented reality systems, or the like. Computer models can be used in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and/or Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) systems. Certain models may be identified with an adjective that identifies the object, person, or system the model represents. For example, a "bone" model is a model of a bone, and a "heart" model is a model of a heart. (Search "model" on Wikipedia.com June 13, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 23, 2021.) Of course, a model may model a whole object or an entirety of the object or the model may model or represent a portion of the object. For example, a bone model may model a whole bone or a portion of the bone. As used herein, “additive manufacturing” refers to a manufacturing process in which materials are joined together in a process that repeatedly builds one layer on top of another to generate a three-dimensional structure or object. Additive manufacturing may also be referred to using different terms including: additive processes, additive fabrication, additive techniques, additive layer manufacturing, layer manufacturing, freeform fabrication, ASTM F2792 (American Society for Testing and Materials), and 3D printing. Additive manufacturing can build the three-dimensional structure or object using computer-controlled equipment that applies successive layers of the material(s) based on a three-dimensional model that may be defined using Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. Additive manufacturing can use a variety of materials including polymers, thermoplastics, metals, ceramics, biochemicals, and the like. Additive manufacturing may provide unique benefits, as an implant together with the pores and/or lattices can be directly manufactured (without the need to generate molds, tool paths, perform any milling, and/or other manufacturing steps).	36	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	As used herein, a "resection" refers to a method, procedure, or step that removes tissue from another anatomical structure or body. A resection is typically performed by a surgeon on a part of a body of a patient. (Search "surgery" on Wikipedia.com May 26, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed May 26, 2021.) Resection may be used as a noun or a verb. In the verb form, the term is "resect" and refers to an act of performing, or doing, a resection. Past tense of the verb resect is resected.	37	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	As used herein, a "guide" refers to a part, component, member, or structure designed, adapted, configured, or engineered to guide or direct one or more other parts, components, or structures. A guide may be part of, integrated with, connected to, attachable to, or coupled to, another structure, device, or instrument. In one embodiment, a guide may include a modifier that identifies a particular function, location, orientation, operation, type, and/or a particular structure of the guide. Examples of such modifiers applied to a guide, include, but are not limited to, "pin guide" that guides or directs one or more pins, a "cutting guide" that guides or directs the making or one or more cuts, a placement, deployment, or insertion guide that guides or directs the placement, positioning, orientation, deployment, installation, or insertion of a fastener and/or implant, a "cross fixation guide" that guides deployment of a fastener or fixation member, an "alignment guide" that guides the alignment of two or more objects or structures, a "navigation guide" that guides a user in navigating a course or process or procedure such as a surgical procedure, a "resection guide" that serves to guide resection of soft or hard tissue, such as in an osteotomy, a "reduction guide" can serve to guide reduction of one or more bone segments or fragments, an "placement guide" that serves to identify how an object can be placed in relation to another object or structure, and the like. Furthermore, guides may include modifiers applied due to the procedure or location within a patient for which the guide is to be used. For example, where a guide is used at a joint, the guide may be referred to herein as an “arthrodesis guide.” As used herein, "feature" refers to a distinctive attribute or aspect of something. (Search "feature" on google.com. Oxford Languages, 2021. Web. 20 Apr. 2021.) A feature may include a modifier that identifies a particular function or operation and/or a particular structure relating to the feature. Examples of such modifiers applied to a feature, include, but are not limited to, "attachment feature," "bone attachment feature," "securing feature," "protruding feature," "engagement feature," "offset feature," "alignment feature," "patient-specific feature," "disengagement feature," “resection feature”, “guide feature”, and the like.	38	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	"Fin" refers to an appendage to another structure. A fin can also refer to a thin, rigid component or structure used to stabilize, direct, and/or orient a connected structure. (Search "fin" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2023. Web. Modified. Accessed 13 June 2023.)	39	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	"Cutting tool" refers to any tool that can be used to cut or resect another object. In particular, a cutting tool can refer to a manual or power tool for cutting or resecting tissue of a patient. Examples of cutting tools include, but are not limited to, a burr, an oscillating saw, a reciprocating saw, a grater saw, a drill, a mill, a side-cutting burr, a pivoting burr, a pivoting resection guide, a pivoting drill bit, or the like.	40	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	As used herein, a "handle" or knob refers to a structure used to hold, control, or manipulate a device, apparatus, component, tool, or the like. A “handle” may be designed to be grasped and/or held using one or two hands of a user. In certain embodiments, a handle or knob may be an elongated structure. In one embodiment, a knob may be a shorter stubby structure.	41	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	"Contour" refers to an outline representing or bounding a shape or form of an object. Contour can also refer to an outside limit of an object, area, or surface of the object. (Search "contour" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2023. Web. Modified. Accessed 13 June 2023.)	42	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	Those of skill in the art will appreciate that a resection feature may take a variety of forms and may include a single feature or one or more features that together form the resection feature. In certain embodiments, the resection feature may take the form of one or more slots. Alternatively, or in addition, a resection feature may be referenced using other names including, but not limited to, channel, cut channels, and the like.	43	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	As used herein, “side” refers to a structure or part of a structure including, but not limited to: one of a longer bounding surfaces or lines of an object especially contrasted with the ends, a line or surface forming a border or face of an object, either surface of a thin object, a bounding line or structure of a geometric figure or shape, and the like. (search "side" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 03 Aug. 2021. Modified.) A side can also refer to a geometric edge of a polygon (two-dimensional shape) and/or a face or surface of a polyhedron (three-dimensional shape). (Search "side" on Wikipedia.com July 21, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Aug. 03, 2021.) Side can also refer to a location on a structure. For example, a side can be a location on a structure at, or near, a furthest position away from a central axis of the structure.	44	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	As used herein, the term “side” can include one or more modifiers that define and/or orient and/or distinguish the side of an object from others based on based on where and/or how the object is deployed within or in relation to a second object. For example, in the context of an implant for a patient, sides of the implant may be labeled based on where the sides are relative to the patient when the implant is deployed. As one example, an “anterior side” of an implant or instrument refers to a side that is anterior to other sides of the implant or instrument in relation to a patient when the implant or instrument is deployed in the patient. Similarly, As one example, an “medial side” of an implant or instrument refers to a side that is medial to other sides of the implant or instrument or faces the medial side of a patient when the implant or instrument is deployed in the patient. As another example, in the context of an instrument used with a patient, sides of the instrument may be labeled based on where the sides are when the instrument is being used for its purpose. As one example, a “front side” of an instrument refers to a side that is facing a user of the instrument when the instrument is in use. As another example, a "posterior side" is a side that faces or is on a posterior side of the implant or instrument when the device is deployed on or within a patient.	45	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	"Bridge" refers to a structure, apparatus, system, and/or construct that spans a divide or opening and/or connects one side of a divide or opening to another side. (Search "bridge" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2023. Web. Modified. Accessed 13 June 2023.)	46	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	As used herein, an “arm” refers to an elongated structure that extends from another structure such as a base or a body. In certain embodiments, an arm can be configured to support a load (including a tension, compression, shear, torsion, and/or bending load). In certain embodiments, an arm may comprise a generally planar structure. An arm can be a separate structure connected to, or integrated with, another structure. Based on how the arm connects to or extends from another structure, such as a base or body, the arm can resemble an arm of a human or animal in that the arm can be an appendage to another structure. An arm can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional and can have a variety of geometric shapes and/or cross-sectional shapes, including, but not limited to a rectangle, a square, or other polygon, as well as a circle, an ellipse, an ovoid, or other circular or semi-circular shape. An arm can be made from a variety of materials including, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, or the like. One arm may be distinguished from another based on where the arm is positioned within a structure, component, or apparatus.	47	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	As used herein, an “opening” refers to a gap, a hole, an aperture, a port, a portal, a slit, a space or recess in a structure, a void in a structure, or the like. In certain embodiments, an opening can refer to a structure configured specifically for receiving something and/or for allowing access. In certain embodiments, an opening can pass through a structure. In such embodiments, the opening can be referred to as a window. In other embodiments, an opening can exist within a structure but not pass through the structure. In other embodiments, an opening can initiate on a surface or at an edge or at a side of a structure and extend into the structure for a distance, but not pass through or extend to another side or edge of the structure. In other embodiments, an opening can initiate on a surface or at an edge or at a side of a structure and extend into the structure until the opening extends through or extends to another side or edge of the structure. An opening can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional and can have a variety of geometric shapes and/or cross-sectional shapes, including, but not limited to a rectangle, a square, or other polygon, as well as a circle, an ellipse, an ovoid, or other circular or semi-circular shape. As used herein, the term “opening” can include one or more modifiers that define specific types of “openings” based on the purpose, function, operation, position, or location of the “opening.” As one example, a “fastener opening” refers to an “opening” adapted, configured, designed, or engineered to accept or accommodate a “fastener.”	48	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	The present disclosure discloses surgical systems and methods by which a bone condition, such as a deformity, may be corrected. Known methods of correcting bone conditions are often limited to a finite range of discretely sized instruments. A patient with an unusual condition, or anatomy that falls between instrument sizes, may not be readily treated with such systems.	49	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM
View Edit Delete	PER-12	Furthermore, patient-specific cutting guides may be used for various other procedures on the foot, or on other bones of the musculoskeletal system. Patient-specific cutting guides may be used for various procedures involving osteotomy, including but not limited to arthroplasty, fusion, and deformity correction procedures. According to one example, patient-specific cutting guides similar to the cutting guide 300 may be used for the metatarsophalangeal (“MTP”) joint. A method similar to the method 100 may be employed.	50	Added by DJM Jan 2024	1/6/24, 10:03 PM

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