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As used herein, "model" refers to an informative representation of an object, person or system. Representational models can be broadly divided into the concrete (e.g., physical form) and the abstract (e.g. behavioral patterns, especially as expressed in mathematical form). In abstract form, certain models may be based on data used in a computer system or software program to represent the model. Such models can be referred to as computer models. Computer models can be used to display the model, modify the model, print the model (either on a 2D medium or using a 3D printer or additive manufacturing technology). Computer models can also be used in environments with models of other objects, people, or systems. Computer models can also be used to generate simulations, display in virtual environment systems, display in augmented reality systems, or the like. Computer models can be used in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and/or Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) systems. Certain models may be identified with an adjective that identifies the object, person, or system the model represents. For example, a "bone" model is a model of a bone, and a "heart" model is a model of a heart. (Search "model" on Wikipedia.com June 13, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 23, 2021.) As used herein, “additive manufacturing” refers to a manufacturing process in which materials are joined together in a process that repeatedly builds one layer on top of another to generate a three-dimensional structure or object. Additive manufacturing may also be referred to using different terms including: additive processes, additive fabrication, additive techniques, additive layer manufacturing, layer manufacturing, freeform fabrication, ASTM F2792 (American Society for Testing and Materials), and 3D printing. Additive manufacturing can build the three-dimensional structure or object using computer-controlled equipment that applies successive layers of the material(s) based on a three-dimensional model that may be defined using Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. Additive manufacturing can use a variety of materials including polymers, thermoplastics, metals, ceramics, biochemicals, and the like. Additive manufacturing may provide unique benefits, as an implant together with the pores and/or lattices can be directly manufactured (without the need to generate molds, tool paths, perform any milling, and/or other manufacturing steps). |
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"Repository" refers to any data source or dataset that includes data or content. In one embodiment, a repository resides on a computing device. In another embodiment, a repository resides on a remote computing or remote storage device. A repository may comprise a file, a folder, a directory, a set of files, a set of folders, a set of directories, a database, an application, a software application, content of a text, content of an email, content of a calendar entry, and the like. A repository, in one embodiment, comprises unstructured data. A repository, in one embodiment, comprises structured data such as a table, an array, a queue, a look up table, a hash table, a heap, a stack, or the like. A repository may store data in any format including binary, text, encrypted, unencrypted, a proprietary format, or the like. |
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"Reference” refers to any apparatus, structure, device, system, component, marking, and/or indicator organized, configured, designed, engineered, and/or arranged to serve as a source of information or a point of comparison used to support or establish knowledge, truth, or quality. (© ChatGPT Jan. 9 Version, Modified, accessed chat.openai.com/chat Jan. 28, 2023). In certain embodiments, a reference can serve as a starting point or initial position for one or more steps in a surgical procedure. A reference may be a type of fiducial. In certain embodiments, “reference” can be with a an adjective describing the reference. For example, a “model reference” is a reference within a model such as a computer model. A model reference refers to any feature, aspect, and/or component within a model. Examples of a model reference include, but are not limited to, a point, a plane, a line, a plurality of points, a surface, an anatomical structure, a shape, or the like. An “anatomical reference” is a reference within, on, near, or otherwise associated with an anatomical structure such as a bone. A reference (e.g., model, actual, virtual, and/or real) may also be referred to as a reference feature. |
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“Reference feature” refers to a feature configured for use as a point, plane, axis, or line of reference (aka a reference). A reference or reference feature can be used to position, measure, orient, fixation, couple, engage, and/or align one object or structure with another object or structure. In certain embodiments, a reference or reference feature can serve as a baseline, a ground truth, a waypoint, a control point, a landmark, and/or the like. A reference feature can facilitate moving from one coordinate system or frame of reference in a virtual environment to a position, location, frame of reference, environment, or orientation on, or in, an actual object, structure, device, apparatus, anatomical structure, or the like. Advantageously, a reference feature can coordinate objects, models, or structures in a digital or virtual model or representation with corresponding objects or structures (e.g., anatomical structures) of actual physical objects or structures. Said another way, a reference feature can serve to map from a virtual or modeled object to an actual or physical object. |
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As used herein, "feature" refers to a distinctive attribute or aspect of something. (Search "feature" on google.com. Oxford Languages, 2021. Web. 20 Apr. 2021.) A feature may include one or more apparatuses, structures, objects, systems, sub-systems, devices, or the like. A feature may include a modifier that identifies a particular function or operation and/or a particular structure relating to the feature. Examples of such modifiers applied to a feature, include, but are not limited to, "attachment feature," "alignment feature," "securing feature," "placement feature," "protruding feature," "engagement feature," "disengagement feature," “resection feature”, “guide feature”, "alignment feature," and the like. |
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As used herein, a "marking" or "marker" refers to a symbol, letter, lettering, word, phrase, icon, design, color, diagram, indicator, figure, structure, device, apparatus, surface, component, system, or combination of these designed, intended, structured, organized, configured, programmed, arranged, or engineered to communication information and/or a message to a user receiving, viewing, or encountering the marking. The marking or "marker" can include one or more of a tactile signal, a visual signal or indication, an audible signal, and the like. In one embodiment, a marking may comprise a number or set letters, symbols, or words positioned on a surface, structure, color, color scheme, or device to convey a desired message or set of information. |
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As used herein, a "protrusion" refers to a structure or portion of a structure that protrudes or extends from at least one other structure such as a surface of the at least one other structure. Generally, the other structure is connected to, or in contact with, the protrusion. |
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"Set" refers to a collection of objects. A set can have zero or more objects in the collection. Generally, a set includes one or more objects in the collection. |
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As used herein, a “sleeve” refers to structure that is narrow and longer longitudinally than the structure is wide. In certain embodiments, a sleeve serves to surround, enclose, wrap, and/or contain something else. In certain embodiments, a sleeve may surround, enclose, wrap, and/or contain a passage or void. (Search "sleeve" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2021. Web. Accessed 15 Nov. 2021. Modified.) In certain embodiments, the term sleeve may be preceded by an adjective that identifies the structure, implement, component or instrument that may be used with, inserted into or associated with the sleeve. For example, a “pin sleeve” may be configured to accept a pin or wire such as a K-wire, a “drive sleeve” may be configured to accept a drill or drill bit, a “fixation member sleeve” may be configured to accept a fastener or fixation member. |
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As used herein, a "fixation" or “fixation device” refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, step, process, or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to connect two structures either permanently or temporarily. The two structures may be one or the other or both of manmade and/or biological tissues, hard tissues such as bones, teeth or the like, soft tissues such as ligament, cartilage, tendon, or the like. In certain embodiments, fixation is used as an adjective to describe a device or component or step in securing two structures such that the structures remain connected to each other in a desired position and/or orientation. Fixation devices can also serve to maintain a desired level of tension, compression, or redistribute load and stresses experienced by the two structures and can serve to reduce relative motion of one part relative to others. Examples of fixation devices are many and include both those for external fixation as well as those for internal fixation and include, but are not limited to pins, wires, Kirschner wires (K-wires), screws, anchors, bone anchors, plates, bone plates, intramedullary nails or rods or pins, implants, interbody cages, fusion cages, and the like. |
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“Fusion” refers to a natural process of bone growth and generation in which two separate bones and/or bone fragments grow together as new bone grows when the two separate bones and/or bone fragments contact each other. Often, fusion is facilitated by compression of the two separate bones and/or bone fragments towards each other. |
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As used herein, a "resection" refers to a method, procedure, or step that removes tissue from another anatomical structure or body. A resection can include an osteotomy that cuts through a bone or other tissue because the osteotomy still removes at least a minimal amount of tissue. A resection is typically performed by a surgeon on a part of a body of a patient. A resection is one type of osteotomy. (Search "surgery" on Wikipedia.com May 26, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed May 26, 2021.) Resection may be used as a noun or a verb. In the verb form, the term is "resect" and refers to an act of performing, or doing, a resection. Past tense of the verb resect is “resected”. |
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As used herein, "image registration" refers to a method, process, module, component, apparatus, and/or system that seeks to achieve precision in the alignment of two images. As used here, "image" may refer to either or both an image of a structure or object and another image or a model (e.g., a computer-based model or a physical model, in either two dimensions or three dimensions). In the simplest case of image registration, two images are aligned. One image may serve as the target image and the other as a source image; the source image is transformed, positioned, realigned, and/or modified to match the target image. An optimization procedure may be applied that updates the transformation of the source image based on a similarity value that evaluates the current quality of the alignment. An iterative procedure of optimization may be repeated until a (local) optimum is found. An example is the registration of CT and PET images to combine structural and metabolic information. Image registration can be used in a variety of medical applications: Studying temporal changes; Longitudinal studies may acquire images over several months or years to study long-term processes, such as disease progression. Time series correspond to images acquired within the same session (seconds or minutes). Time series images can be used to study cognitive processes, heart deformations and respiration; Combining complementary information from different imaging modalities. One example may be the fusion of anatomical and functional information. |
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Since the size and shape of structures vary across modalities, evaluating the alignment quality can be more challenging. Thus, similarity measures such as mutual information may be used; Characterizing a population of subjects. In contrast to intra-subject registration, a one-to-one mapping may not exist between subjects, depending on the structural variability of the organ of interest. Inter-subject registration may be used for atlas construction in computational anatomy. Here, the objective may be to statistically model the anatomy of organs across subjects; Computer-assisted surgery: in computer-assisted surgery pre-operative images such as CT or MRI may be registered to intra-operative images or tracking systems to facilitate image guidance or navigation. There may be several considerations made when performing image registration: The transformation model. Common choices are rigid, affine, and deformable transformation models. B-spline and thin plate spline models are commonly used for parameterized transformation fields. Non-parametric or dense deformation fields carry a displacement vector at every grid location; this may use additional regularization constraints. A specific class of deformation fields are diffeomorphisms, which are invertible transformations with a smooth inverse; The similarity metric. A distance or similarity function is used to quantify the registration quality. This similarity can be calculated either on the original images or on features extracted from the images. Common similarity measures are sum of squared distances (SSD), correlation coefficient, and mutual information. The choice of similarity measure depends on whether the images are from the same modality; the acquisition noise can also play a role in this decision. For example, SSD may be the optimal similarity measure for images of the same modality with Gaussian noise. However, the image statistics in ultrasound may be significantly different from Gaussian noise, leading to the introduction of ultrasound specific similarity measures. |
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Multi-modal registration may use a more sophisticated similarity measure; alternatively, a different image representation can be used, such as structural representations or registering adjacent anatomy; The optimization procedure. Either continuous or discrete optimization is performed. For continuous optimization, gradient-based optimization techniques are applied to improve the convergence speed.(Search "medical image computing" on Wikipedia.com June 24, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed June 25, 2021.) |
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"Register" or "Registration" refers to an act of aligning, mating, contacting, engaging, or coupling one or more parts and/or surfaces of one object in relation to one or more parts and/or surfaces of another object. Often, the one or more parts and/or surfaces of one object include protrusions and/or depressions that are the inverse or mirror configuration of protrusions and/or depressions of one or more parts and/or surfaces of the other object. |
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"Registration key" refers to a structure, surface, feature, module, component, apparatus, and/or system that facilitates, enables, guides, promotes, precision in the alignment of two objects by way of registration. In one aspect a registration key can include a surface and one or more recesses and/or features of that surface that are configured to fit within corresponding recesses, projections, and/or other features of another structure such as another surface. In one aspect a registration key can include a surface and one or more projections and/or features of, extending from, or connected to that surface that are configured to fit within corresponding recesses, projections, and/or other features of another structure such as another surface. In certain aspects, the features of the registration key may be configured to fit within, or in contact, or in close contact with those of the another structure. In one embodiment, when the two structures align the registration key has served its purpose. |
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“Anatomical structure” or “Anatomy” refers to any part or portion of a part of a body of a person, or other patient. Examples of anatomical structures, include but are not limited to, a bone, bones, soft tissue, a joint, joints, a tissue surface, a protrusion, a recess, an opening, skin, hard tissue, teeth, mouth, eyes, hair, nails, fingers, toes, legs, arms, torso, vertebrae, ligaments, tendons, organs, or the like. |
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"Anatomical reference” refers to any reference(s) that is, or is on, or is in, or is otherwise associated, with an anatomical structure. Examples of anatomical structures, include but are not limited to, a bone, bones, soft tissue, a joint, joints, skin, hard tissue, teeth, mouth, eyes, hair, nails, fingers, toes, legs, arms, torso, vertebrae, ligaments, tendons, organs, a hole, a post, a plurality of holes, a plurality of posts, a fastener, a suture, a clamp, an instrument, an implant, or the like. |
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As used herein, a “condition” refers to a state of something with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order. In certain aspects, a condition may refer to a patient's state of health or physical fitness or the state of health or physical fitness of an organ or anatomical part of a patient. In certain embodiments, a condition may refer to an illness, pain, discomfort, defect, disease, or deformity of a patient or of an organ or anatomical part of a patient. (Search "condition" on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2021. Web. Accessed 8 Dec. 2021. Modified.) |
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