{
    "matter": "PON-1PROV, 2PROV, 3PROV",
    "document_type": "Patent terminology definitions",
    "definitions": [
        {
            "term": "antenna",
            "definition": "\"Antenna\" refers to an interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to an antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio wave in order to produce an electric current at the antenna's terminals, that can be applied to a receiver to be amplified. \r\nAn antenna is also an array of conductors (elements), electrically connected to a receiver and/or transmitter. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all horizontal directions equally (omnidirectional antennas), or in a particular direction (directional, or high-gain, or “beam” antennas). An antenna may include components not connected to the transmitter such as parabolic reflectors, horns, parasitic elements, or the like, which serve to direct the radio waves into a beam or other desired radiation pattern. (search \"Antenna\" on Wikipedia. Oct. 24, 2022 Modified. Accessed Oct. 28, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "beamforming",
            "definition": "\"Beamforming\" or \"spatial filtering\" is a signal processing or signal transmission technique used in antennas for directional signal transmission or reception. Beamforming can be achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity. The improvement compared with omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as the directivity of the array. (search \"beamforming\" on Wikipedia. Oct. 8, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "boost circuit",
            "definition": "\"Boost circuit\" refers to any circuit, sub-circuit, component, or the like that converts an input voltage or starting voltage into a higher output voltage. In one example, a boost circuit may convert a low voltage such as about 5.5 volts to a high voltage such as 10 volts or more."
        },
        {
            "term": "charge collector",
            "definition": "\"Charge collector\" refers to any device that collects or can collect charge, including a battery, a capacitor, an inductor, or the like."
        },
        {
            "term": "Closed loop",
            "definition": "\"Closed loop\" refers to any system that is controlled, managed, adjusted, and/or configured based on a feedback loop or control loop that provides a value, setting, threshold, and/or input that is provided into the same system."
        },
        {
            "term": "component",
            "definition": "“Component”, as used herein, is a tangible, physical, non-transitory device, apparatus, or structure. For example, a component may be implemented as a hardware logic circuit comprising custom VLSI circuits, gate arrays, or other integrated circuits; off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete devices; and/or other mechanical or electrical devices. A component may also be implemented in programmable or configurable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices, complex programmable logic device or the like. A component may comprise one or more silicon integrated circuit devices (e.g., chips, die, die planes, packages) or other discrete electrical devices, in electrical communication with one or more other components through electrical lines of a printed circuit board (PCB) or the like. Each of the modules described herein, in certain embodiments, may alternatively be embodied by or implemented as a component."
        },
        {
            "term": "computing device",
            "definition": "\"Computing device\" refers to any electronic device capable of computing by performing arithmetic or logical operations on electronic data and/or signals. For example, a computing device may be a server, a workstation, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet, a handheld device, a smartphone, a control system for another electronic device, a network attached storage device, a block device on a storage area network, a router, a network switch, or the like. In certain embodiments, a computing device may include a non-transitory, computer readable storage medium that stores computer readable instructions configured to cause the computing device to perform steps of one or more of the functions, operations, and/or methods disclosed herein. The computing device may include a processor, a memory, and storage. In various embodiments, the processor may refer to any electronic element that carries out the arithmetic or logical operations. For example, in one embodiment, the processor may be a general-purpose processor that executes stored instructions or program code. In another embodiment, a processor may be a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or the like, that operates on data stored by a memory and/or storage."
        },
        {
            "term": "control signal",
            "definition": "\"Control signal\" refers to an electrical signal (wired or wireless) designed, engineered, and/or provided to control, manage, direct, instruct, or monitor another component, device, circuit, apparatus, system, and/or assembly."
        },
        {
            "term": "customizable integrated circuit",
            "definition": "\"Customizable integrated circuit\" refers to an integrated circuit organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered and manufactured to permit, enable, or facilitate changes to a configuration, design, arrangement, routing, parameters, or the like of components of the integrated circuit. A customizable integrated circuit is a programmable logic device. The customizable integrated circuit can include non-volatile memory, one or more functional blocks, one or more sub-circuits, look up tables, macrocells, analog components, digital components, digital logic components, low voltage pins, high voltage pins, and the like. Examples of a customizable integrated circuit include, but are not limited to, programmable logic devices (PLD), programmable array logic (PAL), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), programmable mixed-signal integrated circuits, and the like.\r\nIn certain embodiments, a customizable integrated circuit used in the embodiment can include a programmable mixed-signal matrix with high voltage features, such as, for example a GreenPak programmable mixed-signal matrix with high voltage features available from Renesas Electronics Corporation of Tokyo Japan. The customizable integrated circuit may include a complex programmable logic device (CPLD) that includes mixed analog and digital signals. The customizable integrated circuit may also include digital components, analog components, and analog comparators in which the routing between blocks is defined in non-volatile memory. The customizable integrated circuit may also include a programmable mixed signal matrix of logic blocks that includes high voltage outputs."
        },
        {
            "term": "diode",
            "definition": "\"Diode\" refers to a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); a diode has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other direction. A semiconductor diode is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. (search \"diode\" on Wikipedia. Oct. 24, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "electrical resonance",
            "definition": "\"Electrical resonance\" refers to a condition in an electric circuit. Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit at a particular resonant frequency when the impedances or admittances of circuit elements cancel each other. In some circuits, this may happen when the impedance between the input and output of the circuit is almost zero and the transfer function is close to one.\r\nResonance of a circuit involving capacitors and inductors occurs because the collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an electric current in its windings that charges the capacitor, and then the discharging capacitor provides an electric current that builds the magnetic field in the inductor. This process is repeated continually.\r\nAn RLC circuit (or LCR circuit) is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor, connected in series or in parallel. The RLC name is due to those letters being the usual electrical symbols for resistance, inductance and capacitance respectively. The circuit forms a harmonic oscillator for current and resonates similarly to an LC circuit. The main difference stemming from the presence of the resistor is that any oscillation induced in the circuit decays over time if it is not kept going by a source. This effect of the resistor is called damping. The presence of the resistance also reduces the peak resonant frequency of damped oscillation, although the resonant frequency for driven oscillations remains the same as an LC circuit. (search \"electrical resonance\" on Wikipedia. Feb. 10, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "electrode",
            "definition": "\"Electrode\" refers to an electrical conductor that conveys electric current to a nonmetallic part (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air). (Search “electrode” on Wikipedia.com Aug. 17, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.) The nonmetallic part may or may not be part of a circuit. When used in reference to semiconductors an electrode can refer to an element in a semiconductor device (such as a transistor) that emits or collects electrons or holes or controls their movements. (search \"electrode\" on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2022. Web. Accessed. 23 Aug. 2022. Modified.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "electronic component",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"electronic component\" refers to any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components may be either passive electronic components or active electronic components. Active electronic components include transistors, diodes, integrated circuits, display components, power sources, voltage sources, current sources, and the like. An active electronic component supplies energy to a circuit.  Active components or elements have the ability to electrically control electron flow (i.e. the flow of charge).  A passive component or element is an electronic component which can only receive energy, which the electronic component can either dissipate, absorb or store in an electric field or a magnetic field. (Search 'Active And Passive Circuit Elements' on www.electrical4u.com Dec. 20, 2020. Modified. Accessed Oct. 26, 2022.). Passive electronic components include resistors, capacitors, conductors, inductors, transformers, magnetic (inductive) devices, memristors, transducers, sensors, detectors, antennas and the like. Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads. (search \"electronic component\" on Wikipedia. June 23, 2022. Modified. Accessed Oct. 26, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "frequency or spatial frequency",
            "definition": "\"Spatial frequency\" or \"frequency\" is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier transform) of the structure repeat per unit of distance. The SI unit of spatial frequency is cycles per meter (m). (search \"spatial frequency\" on Wikipedia. Oct. 25, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "High voltage (HV)",
            "definition": "\"High voltage\" (HV) refers to an electronic voltage within a range that depends on the context for the relevant electronic circuit. For passive or active electrical components of many electronic circuits, such as those in consumer electronics, computers, and/or semiconductors, high voltage refers to an electronic voltage within a range of between about 7 volts and about 15 volts. Of course, in another context, such as with high voltage power lines or electrical power generation, the range for high voltage may be defined to be much larger than the example range provided here."
        },
        {
            "term": "I2C",
            "definition": "\"I2C\" or \"Inter-integrated circuit) is a serial communication interface. An I2C circuit is a synchronous, multi-controller/multi-target (controller/target), packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus. (Search “I2C” on Wikipedia.com July 22, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "implantable pulse generator (IPG)",
            "definition": "\"Implantable pulse generator\" (IPG) refers to any apparatus, device, component, assembly, system, or the like configured, designed, engineered, or built to generate a pulse for stimulating a part of a patient."
        },
        {
            "term": "Inductor",
            "definition": "\"Inductor\", \"coil\", \"choke\", or \"reactor\" refers to a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through the inductor. An inductor may include an insulated wire wound into a coil. When the current flowing through the coil of the inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.) (voltage) in a conductor of the inductor, described by Faraday's law of induction. According to Lenz's law, the induced voltage has a polarity (direction) which opposes the change in current that created the induced voltage . As a result, inductors oppose any changes in current through them. (search \"Inductor\" on Wikipedia. Oct. 13, 2022 Modified. Accessed Oct. 28, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "integrated circuit, IC, chip, microchip",
            "definition": "\"Integrated circuit\" (IC) refers to a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or \"chip\") of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Large numbers of tiny MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) can be integrated into a small chip. This integration can result in circuits that are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete electronic components. (Search “integrated circuit” on Wikipedia.com Aug. 12, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "Low voltage (LV)",
            "definition": "\"Low voltage\" (LV) refers to an electronic voltage within a range that depends on the context for the relevant electronic circuit. For passive or active electrical components of many electronic circuits, such as those in consumer electronics, computers, and/or semiconductors, low voltage refers to an electronic voltage of between about 0 volts or near zero volts and about 3 volts. Of course, in another context, such as with high voltage power lines or electrical power generation, the range for low voltage may be defined to be much smaller than the example range provided here."
        },
        {
            "term": "macrocell",
            "definition": "\"Macrocell\" refers to a prefabricated array of higher-level logic functions such as flip-flops, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) functions, registers, and the like. (Search “macrocell array” on Wikipedia.com Nov 13, 2022. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022.) Within a programmable logic device a macrocell can be programmatically coupled to other logic blocks in the device to implement a custom electronic circuit."
        },
        {
            "term": "mixed-signal",
            "definition": "\"Mixed-signal\" refers to an electronic circuit that includes both analog signals and digital signals. Typically, a mixed-signal electronic circuit also includes analog electronic components and digital electronic components."
        },
        {
            "term": "neurostimulator",
            "definition": "\"Neurostimulator\" refers to a structure, device, apparatus, member, component, system, assembly, module, or subsystem that is organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to deliver an electronic pulse to a specific part of a body of a patient. A neurostimulator may include one or more electrodes positioned within a patient in, on, or in proximity to target positions and/or anatomical structures of a patient. In certain embodiments, a neurostimulator delivers an electronic pulse into, on, near, around, or in proximity to one or more nerves of a patient. The electrode(s) of a neurostimulator may be positioned within a patient or external to a patient. In certain embodiments, a neurostimulator is a device external to a patient. In other embodiments, a neurostimulator is an implant that can be partially or wholly within a patient."
        },
        {
            "term": "node (circuits)",
            "definition": "\"Node\" refers to any region on an electronic circuit between two circuit elements. In circuit diagrams, connections are considered to be ideal wires with zero resistance, so a node consists of the entire section of wire or trace between elements, not just a single point. (Search “node (circuits)” on Wikipedia.com Dec. 2, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "open loop",
            "definition": "\"Open loop\" refers to any system that is controlled, managed, adjusted, and/or configured based on a feedback loop that does not provide a value, setting, threshold, and/or input that is provided into the same system."
        },
        {
            "term": "output high level",
            "definition": "\"Output high level\" refers to a voltage level of an output node of a circuit. In certain embodiments, an output high level refers to a logic high level, also referred to as an on state or logic one."
        },
        {
            "term": "output low level",
            "definition": "\"Output low level\" refers to a voltage level of an output node of a circuit. In certain embodiments, an output low level refers to a logic low level, also referred to as an off state or logic zero."
        },
        {
            "term": "power source",
            "definition": "\"Power source\" refers to a source of electric current and/or voltage. In certain embodiments a power source may comprise an alternating current (AC) power source. In other embodiments a power source may comprise direct current (DC) power source. In other embodiments, a power source may comprise a system or device configured to supply electric current and/or voltage using one of an AC power source, a DC power source, or a combination of both."
        },
        {
            "term": "pulse",
            "definition": "\"Pulse\" refers to an analog signal that rises quickly and then falls within a relatively short duration. In certain embodiments, a pulse may comprise a short voltage level increase that rises quickly to a peak level and then quickly falls. In other embodiments, a pulse may rise quickly from an initial voltage level to a peak level and remain at the peak level for a certain amount of time before lower back towards the initial voltage level."
        },
        {
            "term": "pulse wave",
            "definition": "\"Pulse wave\" or \"pulse train\" refers to a type of non-sinusoidal waveform that includes square waves and similarly periodic but asymmetrical waves. (Search “pulse wave” on Wikipedia.com July 1, 2022. Modified. Accessed Sept. 2, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "QFN package",
            "definition": "\"QFN package\" refers to a type of flat no-leads semiconductor packaging that encloses a die, semiconductor, or circuit, and exposes leads of the circuit for electrical connection to other components of an electronic circuit and/or a printed circuit board (PCB). A QFN package is a package that include planar leads that are exposed on four sides of one surface of the package. Flat no-leads semiconductor packaging is a near chip scale plastic encapsulated package made with a planar copper lead frame substrate. Flat no-leads semiconductor packaging include leads that remain within the perimeter of the sides of the package that include the leads. Because the leads do not extend beyond the perimeter of the sides of the package the packaging may be referred to as a no lead package. Perimeter lands on the package bottom provide electrical connections to the PCB. (Search “flat no-leads package” on Wikipedia.com March 26, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "rectifier",
            "definition": "\"Rectifier\" refers to an electrical device that converts electromagnetic waves, radio waves, and/or alternating current (AC), which can periodically reverse direction, to direct current (DC) or voltage, which flows in only one direction. The reverse operation is performed by an inverter. This process of converting alternating waves or alternating current is known as rectification, since it \"straightens\" the direction of current. Physically, rectifiers can take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, wet chemical cells, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates, semiconductor diodes, diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. Detectors of radio signals can serve as rectifiers. Depending on the type of alternating current supply and the arrangement of the rectifier circuit, the output voltage may require additional smoothing to produce a uniform steady voltage. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio, television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC voltage (as would be produced by a battery). In these applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter, which may be a capacitor, choke, or set of capacitors, chokes and resistors, possibly followed by a voltage regulator to produce a steady voltage. (search \"Rectifier\" on Wikipedia. Oct. 13, 2022 Modified. Accessed Oct. 28, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "resonant frequency",
            "definition": "\"Resonant frequency\" is a characteristic of a system in an applied periodic force. Resonance describes the phenomenon of increased amplitude that occurs when the frequency of an applied periodic force (or a Fourier component of it) is equal or close to a natural frequency of the system on which the applied periodic force acts. When an oscillating force is applied at a resonant frequency of a dynamic system, the system will oscillate at a higher amplitude than when the same force is applied at other, non-resonant frequencies. Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum are also known as resonant frequencies or resonance frequencies of the system. Small periodic forces that are near a resonant frequency of the system have the ability to produce large amplitude oscillations in the system due to the storage of vibrational energy. (search \"resonance\" on Wikipedia. Oct. 22, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "signal",
            "definition": "\"Signal\" refers to any time-varying voltage, current, or electromagnetic wave that carries information, energy, or data. (Search “signal” on Wikipedia.com Aug. 5, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "tether - loop",
            "definition": "“Tether” refers to any strand or flexible member, natural or synthetic, able to join or connect or couple two structures or components or extend from a single structure or component or device and connect to the same structure or component or device. A single tether may include one or more fasteners that can connect parts of the tether together. Alternatively, a \"tether\" can be a single flexible line having a first end and second end opposite the first end. “Tether” can refer to a flexible line or flexible member of natural material, including metal, natural biological material, biomaterial, biomimetic materials, manmade material, or a combination of these either in a single tether, a composite tether, or a plurality of tissue tethers that extend in parallel and/or may be woven or bonded together. In certain embodiments, a tether may be long and thin. In certain embodiments, a tether may be planar and/or may be elastic or inelastic (rigid). Examples of a tether include, but are not limited to, a thread, cord, chain, wire, a string, a polymer thread or line, a tendon graft, a ligament graft, a hamstring graft, soft tissue, a tendon, a ligament, a suture, suture tape, a woven tether, a fibrous material, a cord, and/or any of these in combination with each other, and the like."
        },
        {
            "term": "timing signal",
            "definition": "\"Timing signal\" refers to a signal designed, engineered, and/or provided to satisfy a timing requirement in a device, circuit, apparatus, system, and/or assembly. A timing signal may be used to initial, terminate, and/or pause one or more sequences, processes, or the like. In certain embodiments, a timing signal may be managed, monitored, and/or generated by a counter."
        },
        {
            "term": "totem-pole circuit",
            "definition": "\"Totem-pole circuit\" refers to any circuit, sub-circuit, component, or the like that includes a pair of transistors coupled to each other and a tristate input component, such that activating the tristate input component in a first state activates a first transistor of the pair of transistors and deactivates a second transistor of the pair of transistors and results in a low voltage output level for the totem-pole circuit, activating the tristate input component in a second state deactivates the first transistor and activates the second transistor and results in a high voltage output level for the totem-pole circuit, and activating the tristate input component in a third state neither activates or deactivates the first transistor or the second transistor and results in a floating output (\"high impedance\") level for the totem-pole circuit. In one example, a totem-pole circuit may be a high voltage tristate output circuit."
        },
        {
            "term": "totem-pole output",
            "definition": "\"Totem-pole output\" refers to a stage of an electronic circuit that implements a type of push-pull amplifier in transistor-transistor logic (TTL). A totem-pole output can be used an amplifier. Often, a totem-pole output is implemented using a pair of complimentary transistors, one dissipating or sinking current or charge from a load to ground or a negative power supply, and the other supplying or sourcing current or charge to the load from a positive power supply depending on the input signals provided. In one example, two matched transistors of the same polarity can be arranged to supply opposite halves of each cycle without the need for an output transformer. The driver circuit may be asymmetric and one transistor may be used in a common-emitter configuration while the other may be used as an emitter follower. (Search “totem-pole output” on Wikipedia.com July 8, 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 23, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "wavelength",
            "definition": "\"Wavelength\" refers to the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance after which the wave's shape repeats. Wavelength is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase on the wave, such as two adjacent crests, troughs, or zero crossings, and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. The inverse of the wavelength is the spatial frequency. Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ). (search \"Wavelength\" on Wikipedia. Oct. 14, 2022 Modified. Accessed Nov. 1, 2022.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "wireless power transfer",
            "definition": "\"Wireless power transfer,\" wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission (WET), or electromagnetic power transfer refers to the transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link. In a wireless power transmission system or apparatus, a transmitter device, driven by electric power from a power source, generates a time-varying electromagnetic field, which transmits power across space to a receiver device, which extracts power from the field and supplies it to an electrical load. Wireless power transfer can be useful to power electrical devices where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or not possible.\r\n\r\nWireless power techniques may fall into two categories, near field and far-field. In near field or non-radiative techniques, power is transferred over short distances by magnetic fields using inductive coupling between coils of wire, or by electric fields using capacitive coupling between metal electrodes. In far-field or radiative techniques, also called power beaming, power is transferred by beams of electromagnetic radiation, like radio waves, microwaves or laser beams. These techniques can transport energy longer distances when in proximity to the receiver. Near field or far-field wirelessly power transfer can be used for wireless charging and/or continuous wireless power transfer and can be used for implantable medical devices like artificial cardiac pacemakers, or neurostimulators. (Search \"wireless power transfer\" on Wikipedia.com Aug 14, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Aug. 24, 2022.)\r\nOne radiative power transfer technology can use radio waves to transfer power and can be referred to radio frequency (RF) power transfer techniques. Examples of radio frequencies that can be used for RF power transfer include bluetooth, WiFi, and the like. One example of RF power transfer devices used for wireless power transfer are transmitter devices and receiver devices from PowerCast of Pittsburgh, PA, USA."
        }
    ]
}