{
    "matter": "IMI-5PROV",
    "document_type": "Patent terminology definitions",
    "definitions": [
        {
            "term": "anatomic features or anatomical features",
            "definition": "As used herein, “anatomic features” or “anatomical features” refers to structures on, within, or integrated with other parts of a patient's body that are distinct in one or more characteristics in relation to other parts of a patient. The distinct characteristics can be one or more of size, shape, number, location, orientation, position, profile, weight, color, or the like. As used herein, anatomical features refers to both external morphology and internal morphology. Representative examples of anatomic features include, but are not limited to, hands, feet, extremities, heart, lungs, brain, facial features, eyes, nose, mouth, bones, bone positions, soft tissue, and the like. In certain embodiments, anatomical features can serve as landmarks for medical imaging and/or medical image processing."
        },
        {
            "term": "augmented reality",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"augmented reality (AR)\" refers to an interactive experience of a real-world environment where objects that reside in the real world are enhanced by computer/machine-generated perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory and olfactory. AR refers to a system that incorporates three features: a combination of real and virtual worlds, real-time interaction, and accurate 3D registration of virtual and real objects. The overlaid sensory information provided by an AR system or component can be constructive (i.e. additive to the natural environment), or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural environment). This experience can be seamlessly interwoven with the physical world such that the physical world is perceived as an immersive aspect of the real environment. In this way, augmented reality alters one's perception of a real-world environment. Augmented reality is related to two largely synonymous terms: mixed reality and computer-mediated reality. (Search \"augmented reality\" on Wikipedia.com Aug. 28, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Sept. 8, 2021.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "calibration",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"calibration\" refers to a comparison of measured values provided by a device under test (DUT) with those of a calibration standard of known accuracy. The standard can come from another measurement device of known or acceptable accuracy or a device generating the quantity to be measured. The outcome of the comparison can result in one of the following: no error being noted on the DUT, an error being noted but no adjustment made, an adjustment made to correct the error to an acceptable level. As used herein, \"calibration\" refers to both the act of comparison and any subsequent adjustment. (Search \"calibration\" on Wikipedia.com July 2, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Sept. 8, 2021.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "image segmentation",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"image segmentation\" refers to a process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments (sets of pixels, also known as image objects). The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. Image segmentation can be used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation can include the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics.\r\nOne result of image segmentation can be a set of segments that collectively cover the entire image, or a set of contours extracted from the image. Each of the pixels in a region are similar with respect to some characteristic or computed property, such as color, intensity, or texture. Adjacent regions can be a significantly different color with respect to the same characteristic(s). When applied to a stack of images, typical in medical imaging, the resulting contours after image segmentation can be used to create 3D reconstructions with the help of interpolation algorithms such as the marching cubes algorithm. (Search \"image segmentation\" on Wikipedia.com Sept. 8, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Sept. 8, 2021.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "indicator",
            "definition": "As used herein, an \"indicator\" refers to an apparatus, device, component, system, assembly, mechanism, hardware, software, firmware, circuit, module, set of data, text, number, code, symbol, a mark, marker, a measurement, an angle, an estimated value, or logic structured, organized, configured, programmed, designed, arranged, or engineered to convey information or indicate a state, condition, mode, context, location, or position to another apparatus, device, component, system, assembly, mechanism, hardware, software, firmware, circuit, module, and/or a user of an apparatus, device, component, system, assembly, mechanism, hardware, software, firmware, circuit, module that includes, or is associated with the indicator. The indicator can include one or more of an audible signal, a token, a presence of a signal, an absence of a signal, a tactile signal, a visual signal or indication, a visual marker, a visual icon, a visual symbol, a visual code, a visual mark, a geometric shape, a point, a segment, a ray, a line, a curve, and/or the like. In certain embodiments, \"indicator\" can be used with an adjective describing the indicator. For example, a \"mode indicator\" is an indicator that identifies or indicates a mode."
        },
        {
            "term": "Input/output module",
            "definition": "The input/output (I/O) module 6012 includes one or more of hardware, software, firmware, and/or logic devices configured to receive input from outside the computing device 6002 and convey output to a system, network, network device, component, module, computing device, or user outside the computing device 6002. A variety of components, systems, subsystems, units, and/or devices may connect to or be included in the input/output module 6012. Examples of these I/O devices include, but are not limited to, a touch screen, a keyboard, a mouse, a visual display, a printer, a camera, a range detector, a button, a joystick, a game controller, and the like."
        },
        {
            "term": "intraoperative intra-op",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"intraoperative\" or \"INTRA-OP\" refers to any activity, method, feature, or aspect performed during a surgical procedure."
        },
        {
            "term": "LiDAR",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"LiDAR\" (also spelled Lidar, or LIDAR, and sometimes LADAR) refers to a method for determining ranges (variable distance) by targeting an object with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver. Lidar can also be used to make digital 3-D representations of areas on the earth's surface and ocean bottom, due to differences in laser return times, and by varying laser wavelengths. It has terrestrial, airborne, and mobile applications. Lidar is an acronym of \"light detection and ranging\" or \"laser imaging, detection, and ranging\". Lidar sometimes is called 3-D laser scanning, a special combination of a 3-D scanning and laser scanning. (Search \"Lidar\" on Wikipedia.com Sept. 7, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Sept. 8, 2021.) LiDAR devices, components, systems, and/or modules determine range data that indicates a distance between the LiDAR sensor and an object or feature."
        },
        {
            "term": "photogrammetry",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"photogrammetry\" refers to technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant imagery and other phenomena. One example of photogrammetry is the extraction of three-dimensional measurements from two-dimensional data (i.e. images); for example, the distance between two points that lie on a plane parallel to the photographic image plane can be determined by measuring their distance on the image, if the scale of the image is known.\r\n\r\nA special case, called stereophotogrammetry, involves estimating the three-dimensional coordinates of points on an object employing measurements made in two or more photographic images taken from different positions. Common points are identified on each image. A line of sight (or ray) can be constructed from the camera location to the point on the object. It is the intersection of these rays (triangulation) that determines the three-dimensional location of the point.\r\n\r\nPhotogrammetric data can be complemented with range data from other techniques. Photogrammetry is more accurate in the x and y direction while range data are generally more accurate in the z direction. This range data can be supplied by techniques like LiDAR, laser scanners (using time of flight, triangulation or interferometry), white-light digitizers and any other technique that scans an area and returns x, y, z coordinates for multiple discrete points (commonly called \"point clouds\"). (Search \"photogrammetry\" on Wikipedia.com July 29, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Sept. 8, 2021.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "preoperative pre-op",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"preoperative\" or \"PRE-OP\" refers to any activity, method, feature, or aspect performed before a surgical procedure."
        },
        {
            "term": "surface data",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"surface data\" refers to data identified, used, collected, gathered, and/or generated in connection with scanning, mapping, gathering, or collecting imaging data, such as medical imaging data of one or more objects in a field of view. Surface data can be used to define a surface in two-dimensional or three-dimensional space within a variety of coordinate systems. Surface data can represent a surface of a variety of objects both animate and inanimate and both real and imaginary or modeled including but not limited to anatomical features of a patient."
        },
        {
            "term": "surgical field, operative field, or operating field",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"surgical field,\" \"operative field,\" or \"operating field\" refers to an area of a patient where surgery is or will be performed and includes one or more areas of a patient's body and all personnel and equipment that is used in the surgery. (Search \"surgical field\" on medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Copyright 2021 Farlex Inc. Modified. Accessed Sept. 8, 2021.)"
        },
        {
            "term": "visual reference or fiducial",
            "definition": "As used herein, \"visual reference,\" \"fiducial,\" \"patient reference,\" or \"fiducial marker\" refers to any indicator, marker, structure, or component designed, configured, placed, engineered, or organized to serve as a reference point or fixed known predetermined location for use in medical imaging, medical image processing, medical scanning, and the like. In certain embodiments, a visual reference may be an arrow or delta shaped indicator. A visual reference may be two-dimensional or three-dimensional. \r\nIn certain embodiments, a visual reference may be a structure with patterned surfaces of known geometric dimensions with at least one surface visible to an image capture device/system. A visual reference may have a variety of shapes including cube, planar square, rectangle or triangle, tetrahedral, pyramid, or the like. The visual reference may have at least one surface visible by the image capture device/system.\r\nSurfaces of a visual reference may include high contrast patterns. In at least one embodiment, one or more surfaces of a visual reference may include a highly distinctive QR code pattern with unique patterned surfaces which may include alternating designs. Of course, surfaces of the visual reference may include other designs such as a checkerboard pattern and such patterns may include two high contrast colors, such as black and white, red and green, etc. Moreover, a visual reference may have particular reflective coatings, radio opaque materials, and the like."
        }
    ]
}